Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
1143 Results
Complex production workflows in several broadcast, post production or presentation environments not only need a solid storage architecture, but also intelligent project sharing since several teams require access to all data.
18-Nov-2014
Emergency Call (eCall) is a service provided in Europe with the goal of reducing response times for accidents or other emergencies on the roadways. This application note briefly describes the technology behind eCall and presents conformance tests for eCall using the R&S®CMW500 RF tester and the R&S®SMBV100A vector signal generator. A Test software for eCall makes it quick and easy to perform these tests with the GSM or WCDMA wireless communications standard. It also shows a test solution for GNSS performance tests for eCall using the R&S®SMBV100A vector signal generator and the option R&S®SMBV-K361 together with CMWrun.This application note is outdated. We therefore refer to the newer application note .
24-Jan-2018 | AN-No. 1MA241
This application note gives a short summary on the Allan variance as a measure of frequency stability and an example on how to calculate it, with measurement results from R&S spectrum analyzers. A software program to sample data from R&S spectrum analyzers and calculate the Allan variance is available.
11-Feb-2009 | AN-No. 1EF69
Fading is known from shortwave transmission, where the received field strength level may strongly vary due to atmospheric disturbances. In analog TV, the term 'fading' is practically unknown. Rather, one talks of 'antenna shadows' or 'ghost images'. The effect in question, however, is fading, ie constant reflection of the eletromagnetic waves emitted by the TV transmitter by walls of buildings, mountain slopes and similar reflecting natural or artificial obstacles. In analog TV, fading is of minor importance since the effects thereof can be eliminated almost completely through the directivity and exact orientation of the Yagi roof antenna for stationary TV reception at home. [[ br />Fading effects can also be observed in analog cable TV, for example in a block of flats linked to the cable network with one or several antenna sockets in every flat. If the taps for the sockets are not match-terminated, reflections with constant level and constant phase arise which may cause level reductions of several dB at exactly calculable points in the cable. [[ br />Moreover, the reception of TV signals broadcast via satellite can be impaired by fading. A known phenomenon is flickering of the received picture, produced by planes flying past or a drop in receive field strength caused by an approaching thunderstorm. All the above receive conditions have one thing in common: reception is stationary with a direct line of sight to the TV transmitter. [[ br />Looking at receive conditions in DVB, the effects in cable and satellite reception (DVB-C and DVB-S) are found to be similar as in analog reception. In these two modes reception is stationary, too. Terrestrial transmission (DVB-T) not only provides for stationary operation but also for portable and mobile reception. This considerably accentuates the effects of fading. [[ br />In this application note we investigate fading effects in DVB, with the emphasis on those in DVB-T signals.
06-Feb-2001 | AN-No. 7BM05
1TD04 1TD04, DC/DC, Oscilloscopes The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a power supply using an oscilloscope. The main measurements taken are the input frequency, output voltage, output current, and the switching frequency. Initial Evaluation of a DC/DC Switch Mode Power Supply 1TD04 1TD04, DC/DC, Oscilloscopes The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a
26-Nov-2013 | AN-No. 1TD04
Secure interconnection of ATC voice networks
11-Mar-2019
RMS is one of the most common parameters in test and measurement. Mathematically, it is the quadratic mean of continuously varying values (waveform). Especially when quantifying power, RMS simplifies the calculation as the polarity of the voltage and direction of the current can be disregarded.
17-Aug-2015
- not available -
01-Aug-1997 | AN-No. 7BM39
The 3GPP TS 36.521-1 “Radio transmission and reception” LTE User Equipment (UE) conformance specification defines the measurement procedures for LTE terminals with regard to their transmitting characteristics, receiving characteristics and performance requirements as part of the 3G Long Term Evolution (3G LTE) standard. This application note describes how to use the LTE Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) measurement functionality provided by the R&S®CMW500 wideband radio communication tester to perform LTE transmitter and receiver measurements according to this test specification.
17-May-2013 | AN-No. 1CM94
1SP01 Production Produktionstestsysteme- Funktionstest von Businesstelefonen Produktionstestsysteme- Funktionstest von Businesstelefonen 1SP01 Production Produktionstestsysteme- Funktionstest von Businesstelefonen
08-Apr-2002 | AN-No. 1SP01
Assure voice quality in line with ED-136 requirements and quickly identifies any deviations
21-Feb-2019
The Radiocommunication Tester CRTx can be used to test various aspects of GSM based mobile telephones. For this, a large number of testcases written in accordance with the GSM Rec. 11.10-1 are available. These tests are written in Borland C programming language, are supplied as source code, may also be modified by the user and are normally performed manually.
07-Mar-2002 | AN-No. 1CMAN30E
The measurement speed for spurious signal measurements is mainly defined by the spectrum analyzer sweep speed. With traditional swept spectrum analyzers and tight spurious limits the measurement can easily take hours or even a full day. This application note describes the differences in sweep speed between swept spectrum analyzers and modern spectrum analyzers with a wide-band FFT process, and how this improves the measurement speed for general spurious measurement.
10-Jul-2012 | AN-No. 1EF80
Are there really power peaks that are 20 dB above the average value? Yes, there are. Ever since the introduction of digital transmission technology, it has been necessary to deal with such orders of magnitude. RF power components must be suitably dimensioned to handle the expected voltage peaks and avoid breaking down. If we can determine the crest factor, i.e. the ratio of the peak value to the average or RMS value, with sufficient accuracy (even though it can only be assessed statistically), then we will have solved the question of dimensioning power components. This Application Note is intended to help with this problem by providing some useful insights including basic formulas, some statistical background and a practical look at the limiting factors when it comes to dealing with real transmitter systems.
22-Jan-2011 | AN-No. 7TS02
This application note discusses WLAN standard IEEE 802.11n. It first describes the most important amendments to previous releases and the ambitious new measurement tasks. Then, it describes how to deal with these tasks using Rohde & Schwarz instruments. The main focus here is on transmission over several TX and RX antennas (MIMO). Building multistandard signals using Rohde & Schwarz generators is also described. Screenshots from the analyzer taken on 802.11n signals complete the document.
26-Apr-2013 | AN-No. 1MA179
The duration of a measurement in multi evaluation list mode is sensitive to the test setup. This document describes various methods to achieve optimized performance for such measurements. The availability of the methods depends on the CMW500 version.
17-Jul-2012 | AN-No. 1CM100
A typical application for signal generators and spectrum analyzers is measuring nonlinearities of RF amplifiers. This application note discusses the basics of nonlinearities and describes the nonlinearity measurement using the R&S Value Instruments RF Signal Generator R&S®SMC100A and Spectrum Analyzer R&S®FSC.
20-May-2014 | AN-No. 1MA71
This white paper describes the POLQA® algorithm implemented in the R&S®UPV Audio Analyzer and shows an example hardware setup for standard independent audio measurements.
30-May-2012 | AN-No. 1MA202
As part of Release 13, 3GPP has specified a new radio interface, the Narrowband Internet of Things (NBIoT). NB-IoT is optimized for machine type traffic. It is kept as simple as possible in order to reduce device costs and to minimize battery consumption. In addition, it is also adapted to work in difficult radio conditions, which is a frequent operational area for certain machine type communication devices. Although NBIoT is an independent radio interface, it is tightly connected with LTE, which also shows up in its integration in the current LTE specifications.In this whitepaper we introduce the NB-IoT technology with an emphasis on the tight connection to LTE.
08-Aug-2016 | AN-No. 1MA266
This white paper summarizes significant additional technology components based on LTE, which are included in 3GPP Release 12 specifications. The LTE technology as specified within 3GPP Release 8 was first commercially deployed by end 2009. Since then the number of commercial networks is strongly increasing around the globe. LTE has become the fastest developing mobile system technology ever. As other cellular technologies LTE is continuously worked on in terms of improvements. 3GPP groups added technology components according to so called releases. Initial enhancements were included in 3GPP Release 9, followed by more significant improvements in 3GPP Release 10, also known as LTE-Advanced. Beyond Release 10 a number of different market terms have been used. However 3GPP reaffirmed that the naming for the technology family and its evolution continues to be covered by the term LTE-Advanced. Therefore LTE-Advanced remains the correct description for specifications defined from Release 10 onwards, including 3GPP Release 12.
04-Aug-2015 | AN-No. 1MA252
With IT and OT environments converging, security concerns relating to devices and applications deployed in networked test labs, especially in T&M environments, are growing. The demands on IT security here are manifold and include, for example, remote access to in-house infrastructures, equipment rented from external providers, and the continuous deployment of devices across different time zones.
18-Oct-2022
This whitepaper provides an overview of the WLAN offload in LTE as standardized by 3GPP, as well as the enhancements for Wi-Fi standardized by IEEE and the Wi-Fi Alliance. It also describes access methods in the joint network, treats the security, and describes IP mobility. In addition network discovery and selection are explained.
10-Dec-2012 | AN-No. 1MA214
The constantly increasing number of telecommunication services and subscribers is putting more and more pressure on the availability of already scarse frequencies. Authorities responsible for monitoring and regulating the radio traffic are confronted with more and more complex problems relating to radiomonitoring and frequency management. Without exact data - a prerequisite for monitoring existing installations and planning new services - it is impossible to solve the problem. It is essential to use the proper measurement equipment. This Application Note deals with the following measurements: Measuring various signal parameters at defined frequencies. Monitoring emissions for compliance with specified limits for field strength, modulation depth/index, frequency deviation and offset.
18-Jan-2002 | AN-No. 1EE13
Especially with test receivers not comprising a built-in disk drive (ESHS10, ESVS10, ESVD, ESVB and ESPC) it is necessary to store instrument settings before a firmware update or before changing the battery of the static memory to be able to restore the settings later on. Frequently it is desirable to exchange settings or comprehensive data like transducer sets between receivers, or receivers have to be set up to suit different applications.
18-Jan-2002 | AN-No. 1EE20
3GPP TS25.141 defines conformance tests for UTRA base stations (NodeB). This application note describes how performance tests (TS25.141 Chapter 8) can be performed quickly and easily by using vector signal generators from Rohde & Schwarz. Examples illustrate the manual operation. A free software program enables and demonstrates remote operation.
04-Mar-2015 | AN-No. 1MA78
This white paper describes the interaction between intermodulation products generated by a device under test (DUT) and intermodulation products generated internally in a spectrum analyzer. The overall intermodulation distortion may be too optimistic or pessimistic. Examples demonstrating cancelling IM products and necessary steps to avoid an influence of the spectrum analyzer on the measurement results are outlined.
29-Nov-2012 | AN-No. 1MA219
This application note shows how to configure, calibrate and perform conducted EMS (Electro Magnetic Susceptibility) measurements according to IEC / EN 61000-4-6 and EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) measurements according to CISPR 16-2-1 with the R&S®EMC32 software tool.
19-Jul-2013 | AN-No. 1MA212
True or false: 30 dBm + 30 dBm = 60 dBm? Why does 1% work out to be -40 dB one time but then 0.1 dB or 0.05 dB the next time? These questions sometimes leave even experienced engineers scratching their heads. Decibels are found everywhere, including power levels, voltages, reflection coefficients, noise figures, field strengths and more. What is a decibel and how should we use it in our calculations? This Application Note is intended as a refresher on the subject of decibels.
21-Apr-2015 | AN-No. 1MA98