LLC resonant converters achieve very high efficiency levels due to soft switching. However, during the power-on phase such a converter might behave differently until the controller has reached a steady state. Measuring the inrush current and the power-on time ensures that they are within standards and comply with the data sheet.

29-Nov-2018

3-Port Adapter ZVR-B8 is an optional accessory to all Vector Network Analyzers of the ZVR family, namely ZVRL, ZVRE, and ZVR, and extends the two test ports PORT1 and PORT2 to a total of three test ports PORT1, PORT2 and PORT3. The option comprises an electronic single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT) by means of which PORT1 of the analyzer is switched to either PORT1 or PORT3 of 3-Port Adapter. Test port PORT2 of the analyzer is directly connected to PORT2 of the 3-Port Adapter and is not switched over.

04-Aug-1998 | AN-No. 1EZ26

Its dual-path concept and high-power signal generation up to 20 GHz make the R&S®SMW200A vector signal generator ideal for efficient testing of blocking characteristics

30-May-2014

Automotive radar is vital to the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that will help achieve Net Zero (zero accidents, zero fatalities) targets in the automobile industry. In a driving environment, radar sensors must detect real objects even when there is interference. The R&S®AREG800A automotive radar echo generator is essential to any solution that tests radar sensor immunity to interference.

15-Jun-2023

This application note provides information about measurements on pulsed signals with a spectrum analyzer. Examples show the practical realisation of measurements like pulse width, peak power and mean power, and the limitations of spectrum analyzer measurements. A method for long time average power measurement is explained.

16-Jan-2003 | AN-No. 1EF48

Using the optional three-port or four-port adapter (ZVR-B8 and ZVR-B14), PORT 1 and PORT 2 of the network analyzers of the ZVR family (ZVRL, ZVRE and ZVR) can be expanded to up to four ports. Thus automatic measurements on three- and four-port DUTs can be easily performed without any reconnection of ports being required. With the electronic switches in the adapters, switchover between the various ports is fast to the extent that the known high measurement and display speed of the analyzers of the ZVR family is fully maintained.

04-Aug-1998 | AN-No. 1EZ37

The simulation of impulsive noise for tests on set-top boxes for digital TV (DTV) has so far been a highly complex task regarding the reproducibility of test signals. Using state-of-the-art technology from Rohde & Schwarz, this task can be accomplished with a simple test setup

07-Jul-2003 | AN-No. 7BM45

A key challenge for embedded devices with DDR memories is to maintain signal integrity in the presence of power and ground rail fluctuations. This becomes even more important as supply voltages decrease and switching speed increases leading to tighter power rail tolerances and jitter requirements.

05-Apr-2017

This application note briefly summarizes the history of SCPI and outlines in which fields of application a SCPI based test system software has still advantages over a driver (e.g. IVI) based approach. Further the unique features of the high-end R&SSMW 200A vector signal generator that allow an increase in efficiency of SCPI based test system software development are introduced and operating guidelines are provided.

18-Oct-2017 | AN-No. 1GP98

Overview of the choices for downloading waveform data for remote processing

15-Feb-2018

This application note describes how to test audio amplifier audio characteristic using the audio analyzer R&S® UPV in accordance with standard IEC 60268-3. The test items include gain, frequency response, harmonic distortion, modulation distortion, difference-tone intermodulation, dynamic intermodulation distortion, noise and cross-talk. The test items are explained and the test steps are described in detail.

13-Feb-2008 | AN-No. RCS0704-0032

Over the past few years, electronics developers have developed a variety of approaches to avoid interference on high-speed signals on printed circuit boards. However, with increasing complexity and frequency, PCBs set new limits, supporting frequencies of 40 GHz and higher. Driven by the fast growing 5G market, today’s digital systems operate in these high frequency ranges that come with completely new challenges. With slope steepness’s of just a few picoseconds, any discontinuity in the impedance and impairment of the inductance or capacitance on the PCB or back drill defects on the PCB can have a massive impact on the signal quality. The industry recognizes that there is a growing need for functional high-speed testing of PCBs. The MicroCraft® E2V6151 series combined with an R&S®ZNB vector signal analyzer delivers a fully automated solution.

25-Mar-2020

Frequency converters e.g. in satellite transponders need to be characterized not only in terms of amplitude transmission but also in terms of phase transmission or group delay, especially with the transition to digital modulation schemes. They often do not provide access to the internal local oscillators. This application note describes a method using the R&S®ZNA analyzer family to measure group delay of mixers and frequency converters with an embedded local oscillator very accurately. The key aspect of this new technique is that the network analyzer applies a 2-tone signal to the frequency converter. By measuring the phase differences between the two signals at the input and at the output, it calculates group delay and relative phase.

11-Jul-2019 | AN-No. 1EZ81

R&S®Series4200 detection of simultaneous transmissions (DSiT) option for air traffic control

21-Aug-2014

In the satellite sector, components, subsystems and entire satellites must be qualified in a thermal vacuum chamber before they can be used in space. This qualification proves that equipment can not only survive but also function in the harsh conditions encountered during launch and in space.

05-Oct-2022

The R&S®ZVA vector network analyzer with the R&S®ZVA-K9 option enables absolute group delay measurements on devices with embedded LO without the need for a calibration mixer

17-May-2013

VCS-4G, secure Communications, VoIP, air traffic contro, EUROCAE, ED‑137, ATC, CERTIUM, CERTIUM VCS test system Rohde & Schwarz solution CERTIUM VCS CERTIUM VCS test system for aircraft manufacturers VCS-4G, secure Communications, VoIP, air traffic contro, EUROCAE, ED‑137, ATC, CERTIUM, CERTIUM VCS test system Rohde & Schwarz solution CERTIUM VCS CERTIUM VCS test system for aircraft manufacturers VCS

01-Aug-2023

Voice over IP for air traffic control

21-Sep-2015

- not available -

20-Apr-1998 | AN-No. 1GPAN02

In order to clearly visualize and make repeatable measurements on signals with amplitudes of less than 1/100 of a division, and stabilize signals captured over very long periods, the R&S®RTO oscilloscope’s powerful combination of measurement and math channel capabilities allows corrective offset adjustments on individual acquisitions more than one hundred times per second.

10-Sep-2015

Level or power measurement of especially modulated signals using spectrum analyzers is becoming more and more important . Whereas the first choice in terms of accuracy for power measurement of any carrier (modulated or non-modulated) is a power meter, power measurement of spurious or in the adjacent channel of a transmission system needs a selective power meter with high dynamic range. A power meter, however, is a non-selective device with limited dynamic range and is not appropriate for these types of measurements. The first choice is a spectrum analyzer because of its versatile use as a general-purpose instrument. Compared to a power meter its power measurement accuracy is worse. In general this can be overcome by substitution methods using a power meter, an attenuator and a signal generator. But substitution is time-consuming and requires more investment in test equipment than a single instrument. Therefore it is most important to have a spectrum analyzer like the FSE, which can fulfill at least most of the requirements in terms of measurement accuracy.

13-Jan-1998 | AN-No. 1EF36

This application note reviews the measurement uncertainty analysis and traceability for phase noise with the new R&S®FSWP Phase Noise Analyzer.It describes the new approach for measuring phase noise with the R&S®FSWP using direct downconversion with cross correlation and focuses on traceability using a derived primary measurement standard.

05-Jul-2016 | AN-No. 1EF95

The R&S®ZNB vector network analyzer together with the R&S®HF907 double-ridged waveguide horn antenna provides fast and accurate TD SVSWR measurements in line with ANSI C63.25.

06-Aug-2018

MIPI D-PHY is a low-power, cost-effective physical layer interface, essential in mobile devices and advanced technology systems. It's a high-speed, source-synchronous interface used in smartphone cameras, smartwatch displays, drones, in-car entertainment, automobile cameras, and radar sensors. This application note explores MIPI D-PHY's features, functionality, and testing practices for device compliance, addressing common issues. It highlights Rohde & Schwarz's equipment for ensuring compatibility and solving issues with MIPI D-PHY, aligned with MIPI D-PHY specification version 2.5.Developed by the MIPI Alliance, D-PHY connects cameras and displays to a host processor via CSI-2 or DSI protocols. It features a master-slave, asymmetrical design for reduced link complexity. Key aspects include a unidirectional clock, optional data signal directions, different data rates for half-duplex operation, point-to-point communication, and high-speed (HS) and low-power (LP) modes for data transfer and battery preservation. In HS mode, D-PHY uses differential signaling with specific impedance, while in LP mode, it operates in a single-ended manner with high impedance termination.The application note from Rohde & Schwarz provides insights into characterizing and debugging MIPI D-PHY, offering conformance verification with MIPI Alliance standards and protocol decoding options.

31-Jan-2024 | AN-No. 1SL410

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have taken giant steps in speed and accuracy over the past years: Such devices allow high-speed video processing and even software defined radio (SDR) applications, where digitization is being performed at ever-higher intermediate frequencies (IF). This has clearly raised the bar for ADC test equipment, especially regarding the noise performance of the analog input signal and sample clock sources used in the test setup. The R&S®SMA100B offers outputs for the analog input signal of the ADC as well as the clock input signal in one single instrument - both with outstanding signal purity.

11-Jan-2021 | AN-No. 1GP66

The audio performance measurement solution for the R&S®CMW500 platform identifies audio and speech performance issues over a wireless connection.

26-Aug-2017

This application note describes how to verify and validate a LTE (FDD) RF chipset using R&S® SMU200A vector signal generator, R&S® FSQ signal analyzer and R&S® EX-IQ Box. The related signal generation as well as signal analysis is described

19-Dec-2008 | AN-No. 1MA138

Due to its outstanding performance the R&S®SMW200A vector signal generator is ideal for testing MIMO receivers in a vast variety of applications offering maximum usability at minimum form factor. It can generate up to eight antenna signals simultaneously in its digital baseband – all standard-compliant and with antenna-specific coding. In addition, it can simulate the complete MIMO transmission channel with up to 32 fading channels, sufficient to emulate higher-order MIMO configurations such as 3x3, 4x4, and 8x4.This application note explains how to use the SMW for testing higher order MIMO systems by presenting different key applications.

24-Feb-2016 | AN-No. 1GP97

R&S®CMWcards is an intuitive and user-friendly software application that makes NB-IoT OTDOA positioning design verification easier than ever.

26-Nov-2018

Sequencer Software Tool

20-Feb-2015