Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
1141 Results
True or false: 30 dBm + 30 dBm = 60 dBm? Why does 1% work out to be -40 dB one time but then 0.1 dB or 0.05 dB the next time? These questions sometimes leave even experienced engineers scratching their heads. Decibels are found everywhere, including power levels, voltages, reflection coefficients, noise figures, field strengths and more. What is a decibel and how should we use it in our calculations? This Application Note is intended as a refresher on the subject of decibels.
21-Apr-2015 | AN-No. 1MA98
The application note has a focus on the theoretical background of the PLL measurement method and illuminate its application in the R&S FSUP. Based on measurement examples on different sources, the loop settings for optimum measurement performance are discussed.
04-May-2010 | AN-No. 1EF72
Automating measurement setups is advantageous for multiple reasons. It saves time in case of repeated measurements and in hazardous environments, instruments can be operated from a distance. The measurements are repeatable because they are always performed with a defined procedure, leading to higher test confidence.But in remote control applications, users often perceive synchronization and binary transfers as challenging. Therefore, this application note focuses on binary transfer of data to and from the instrument and shows code example to demonstrate the ease of use.
31-Mar-2022 | AN-No. 1SL381
This application note describes how to configure a Rohde & Schwarz Network Analyzer to make spectral measurements directly on a device under test.
16-Mar-2012 | AN-No. 1EZ62
This application note describes a software application that can be utilized in conjunction with Rohde&Schwarz Signal- and Spectrum Analyzers and Signal Source Analyzers to capture and analyze transient signals. The software application takes advantage of the instrument’s IQ memory buffer of up to 705 Msamples to capture and analyze IQ signals in the time domain and / or frequency domain. This is useful for measuring lock time, analyzing radar pulses, finding spurious transients, and other measurements similar in nature to these. This application can be used with R&S®Signal Source Analyzer FSUP and R&S®Signal and Spectrum Analyzers FSQ, FSU, FSG, FSV.
16-Feb-2009 | AN-No. 1MA141
The measurement speed for spurious signal measurements is mainly defined by the spectrum analyzer sweep speed. With traditional swept spectrum analyzers and tight spurious limits the measurement can easily take hours or even a full day. This application note describes the differences in sweep speed between swept spectrum analyzers and modern spectrum analyzers with a wide-band FFT process, and how this improves the measurement speed for general spurious measurement.
10-Jul-2012 | AN-No. 1EF80
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20-Jul-2001 | AN-No. 7BM21
This application note discusses WLAN standard IEEE 802.11n. It first describes the most important amendments to previous releases and the ambitious new measurement tasks. Then, it describes how to deal with these tasks using Rohde & Schwarz instruments. The main focus here is on transmission over several TX and RX antennas (MIMO). Building multistandard signals using Rohde & Schwarz generators is also described. Screenshots from the analyzer taken on 802.11n signals complete the document.
26-Apr-2013 | AN-No. 1MA179
The duration of a measurement in multi evaluation list mode is sensitive to the test setup. This document describes various methods to achieve optimized performance for such measurements. The availability of the methods depends on the CMW500 version.
17-Jul-2012 | AN-No. 1CM100
This application note describes how to configure the signal source analyzer R&S FSUP for highest dynamic range phase noise measurement in the microwave frequency range up to 50 GHz. It compares performance in terms of phase noise sensitivity using an additional internal down converter versus an external down converter or a frequency divider. Both methods are described and differences are shown.
18-Feb-2009 | AN-No. 1EF68
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20-Jul-2001 | AN-No. 7BM18
Receiver diversity improves reception quality by using multiple antennas with a preferably low correlation factor between each other. This results in a more robust handling of multipath signals, since a deep fade will then not affect all received signals at the same time. However, the compact dimensions of handheld devices can introduce unwanted correlation due to their dense antenna spacing. In this case, the popular diversity test setup consisting of several independent transmitters will no longer serve the needs of a realistic simulation, since correlation effects have to be taken into account here. A clever solution is to operate the R&S®SFU in split-fading mode in combination with a second transmitter. This can be another R&S®SFU, the R&S®SFE, the R&S®SFE100 or the R&S®SMU200A. In this way, two diversity signals of adjustable correlation for any common broadcast standard are coded in realtime, while their individual multipath profile is precisely specified by the extensive features of the R&S®SFU fader module.
19-Oct-2012 | AN-No. 7BM76
Joint solutions of R&S® and COMPRION®
The GSMA specified a global standard for remote provisioning and management of the embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card (eUICC) in the machine-to-machine (M2M) environment as well as the consumer devices via Over the Air (OTA) methodology.This application note describes GSMA compliant remote eUICC provisioning test solution based on R&S® CMW500/CMW290/CMX500 and COMPRION® eUICC Profile Manager software tool. Moreover, an eUICC provisioning method for GSMA Security Accreditation Scheme (SAS) compliant consumer devices by adopting COMPRION® eSIM Test Profile Service is introduced which is essential for RF, protocol testing on R&S®CMW500/CMW290/CMX500 for eSIM capable consumer devices.
03-Jun-2020 | AN-No. GFM342
Rohde & Schwarz recognizes the potential risk of computer virus infection when connecting Windows®-based test instrumentation to other computers via local area networks (LANs), or using removable storage devices.This white paper introduces measures to minimize malware threats and discusses ways to mitigate risks while insuring that instrument performance is not compromised.The paper discusses the use of anti-virus software. It also outlines how to keep the Windows® 10 operating system properly updated through regular installation of OS patches.
23-Sep-2016 | AN-No. 1EF96
R&S®NRPView has been replaced by software Power Viewer Plus, which is provided together with software R&S®NRP Toolkit.Please use the link given below to download R&S®NRP Toolkit.
18-Dec-2008 | AN-No. 1MA77
Complex production workflows in several broadcast, post production or presentation environments not only need a solid storage architecture, but also intelligent project sharing since several teams require access to all data.
18-Nov-2014
This white paper describes the basic functionality of antennas. Starting with Hertz's Antenna model followed by a short introduction to the fundamentals of wave propagation, the important general characteristics of an antenna and its associated parameters are explained. A more detailed explanation of the functionality of some selected antenna types concludes this white paper.
04-Nov-2014 | AN-No. 8GE01
The scope of the subject “radar” has expanded in the recent years in terms of its technical evolution and spreading of applications. This application note along with its corresponding white paper 1MA207 show how to use the R&S radar product portfolio to tackle test and measurement tasks in modern radar technology. Target groups are students who want to become familiar with radar issues as well as radar professionals who want to solve certain test and measurement tasks.
10-Aug-2012 | AN-No. 1MA127
For several years, automobile makers and government agencies have sought ways to improve safety on roadways and effectively manage traffic flow. As wireless communication systems are advancing, the vision of automobiles talking to each other and to roadside units is becoming a reality. These planned automotive wireless communication systems are known as ITS (Intelligent Transportation System). This paper will provide an overview of the current status of the ITS worldwide with a focus on the IEEE 802.11p PHY. Additionally, the paper provides information on test and measurement solutions for devices and components used in ITS.
23-Jan-2014 | AN-No. 1MA152
All digital oscilloscopes are temporarily blind. During this blind time the user will miss critical signal events at his device under test. Thus, it is necessary to understand the impact of blind time to the measurement. This application note explains the background of blind time and points out why a high acquisition rate is important. It furthermore explains the R&S RTO oscilloscope capabilities and how they help for faster debugging, measurement and analysis.
17-May-2011 | AN-No. 1ER02
This application note describes an effective method for generating test setups, performing measurements and producing test reports with the hand-held Spectrum Analyzer R&S FSH3
31-Jan-2003 | AN-No. 1EF50
This application note introduces the program GPIB-Bus Device Finder GPIB FIND.The GPIB-Bus Device Finder GPIB FIND helps you identify the devices connected to a GPIB (IEC or IEEE) bus. It shows the addresses of these devices and their response to the identity query (*idn?). Additionally GPIB FIND helps you to locate GPIB problems with GPIB card installation, incorrect address setting or broken cables. GPIB FIND includes an additional program to send (write) a message to a device or to receive (read) a message from the device.
28-Oct-2009 | AN-No. 1MA17
This program applies to SFQs which are equipped with the first generation of noise generators (Var 02) and with FW version 1.24 or higher. [[ br /> One of the most important measurements of DVB systems concern noise margins. The C/N signal produced by the SFQ needs to be as accurate as possible. [[ br /> The present application note is intended to this purpose, with a special calibration process.
20-Jul-2001 | AN-No. 7BM08
The option R&S®EMC32-K24 extends the emission measurement of the EMI Auto Test (R&S®EMC32-K10) with interactive measurement capabilities. This extension is useful for test verification and measurement during product improvement.
25-Jun-2014 | AN-No. 1SP06
This document describes how a Windows®-based R&S® T&M instrument is remotely operated by an Android™ tablet as if working on it locally. Step-by-step procedures are provided for setting up and configuring the T&M instrument and the tablet. On the tablet, a special App implements the Windows® 'Remote Desktop' functionality. T&M instrument and tablet are connected via WLAN (also called Wi-Fi network).
22-Aug-2013 | AN-No. 1MA236
The family of ZNB vector network analyzers (VNA) from Rohde & Schwarz are the perfect instruments for analyzing RF amplifier small signal linear and nonlinear performance. This application note presents information on how to configure and use the R&S®ZNB vector network analyzer to successfully make accurate and quick measurement of basic RF amplifier parameters.The “SMARTerCal” calibration tool is presented, combining systematic error correction with calibrated receiver power, offering enhanced measurement accuracy with minimum effort.
11-Jul-2013 | AN-No. 1EZ65
Millimeter-wave bands are of increasing interest for the satellite industry and potential 5G bands.Antennas for 5G applications make use of these high frequencies to incorporate a large count of radiating elements. These antenna arrays are essential for beamforming operations that play an important part in such next generation networks.This white paper introduces some of the fundamental theory behind beamforming antennas. In addition to these basic concepts, calculation methods for radiation patterns and a number of real world measurement results for linear arrays are shown.
15-Sep-2016 | AN-No. 1MA276
With IT and OT environments converging, security concerns relating to devices and applications deployed in networked test labs, especially in T&M environments, are growing. The demands on IT security here are manifold and include, for example, remote access to in-house infrastructures, equipment rented from external providers, and the continuous deployment of devices across different time zones.
18-Oct-2022