With options ZVR-B4 (mixer measurements), ZVR-B5 (nonlinear measurements) and ZVR-B7 (power calibration) installed, signal generators and power meters can be controlled from ZVR network analyzers via the IEC/IEEE bus. Customary signal generators and power meters are supported by the device firmware. This application note describes how user-specific configuration files can be generated for and adjusted to external equipment of these two categories.

19-Oct-1998 | AN-No. 1EZ46

Spectrum Rider, FPH, FSH, ZPH, Cable Rider, ZVH, 5G, Interference hunting, Zero span mode, G NR TDD signal Handheld solutions from Rohde & Schwarz support a gated trigger, enabling users to separate uplink and downlink signals in the time domain. 5G NR – interference hunting in the uplink of TDD networks Spectrum Rider, FPH, FSH, ZPH, Cable Rider, ZVH, 5G, Interference hunting, Zero span mode, G NR

09-Apr-2019

The Rohde & Schwarz SFU supports several modes of level setting. This Application Note describes the differences between these modes and especially describes a method to achieve a seamless transition without any impact to the output signal during a change of settings on an Rohde & Schwarz SFU (Firmware version > 1.30).

23-Jun-2006 | AN-No. 7BM54

Analyzing high speed datacom interfaces is an important task and ensures signal integrity. One major challenge of this analysis is the connection between the physical interface and the oscilloscope, as most of the datacom interfaces do not provide test connections suitable for RF. A test fixture is required as a bridge between the high speed datacom IF and the RF connector of the oscilloscope, but this will affect the signal integrity measurement. The R&S®RTP and R&S®RTO oscilloscopes with the advanced jitter option can analyze and separate jitter contributions. Additionally, the option can evaluate the impact of test fixtures and traces inherently and give the user a good understanding of the impact of their test setup.

15-Jul-2024

During the design process of chipsets or modules, FPGA-based hardware emulators are utilized to perform early tests with real test and measurement instruments. These hardware emulators usually run at artificially reduced speed, but apart from that function like the finished design. In this application note we explain how to test FPGA-based hardware emulators using Rohde & Schwarz vector signal generators for creating suitable real-time test signals at reduced sample rates. We further explain how to correctly adapt AWGN signal generation and fading simulation for “slow I/Q”.

10-Dec-2012 | AN-No. 1GP95

In addition to the generic edge trigger, modern oscilloscopes offer triggers that are specialized to address specific problems.

04-Jan-2016

LTE user equipment (UE) receiver performance has significant impact to cellular radio network coverage and capacity. It determines the maximum data throughput across the air interface between the LTE base station (eNB, evolved node B) and the mobile network subscriber UE, thus it determines the total capacity across the air interface. Therefore, it is one of the most important measurements to verify the actual receiver performance of individual devices, and a key metric to compare different devices, in particular.This paper shall give an introduction to receiver performance measurements and discusses the measurement metrics as well as the challenges of over the air (OTA) measurements.

31-Aug-2017 | AN-No. 1ST001

A test setup is described for easy demonstration of the Bit Error Rate Test (BERT) function of AMIQ/AMIQ-B1. The test setup contains I/Q Modulation Generator AMIQ/AMIQ-B1 controlled by I/Q Simulation Software WinIQSIM, Vector Signal Generator SMIQ and Spectrum/Vector Signal Analyzer FSE/FSE-B7. The FSE with FSE-B7 is used as online FSK demodulator (setting: Analog demodulation, FM Signal, DC coupling, Real Time On) to demodulate the SMIQ RF signal FSK-modulated by PRBS data. The AMIQ is controlled by WinIQSIM software and receives the demodulated AF output signal from the FSE for BER testing.

29-Sep-1998 | AN-No. 1MA16

The following paragraphs are intended to show the capabilities of the Rohde&Schwarz Signal Generator SMT performing VOR air navigation receiver tests. The procedures presented should not be considered binding or mandatory. It is expected that the user once familiar with the use of SMT for VOR/ILS receiver tests will design and implement procedures which satisfy equipment and regulatory requirements.

06-Jul-1994 | AN-No. 1GPAN10

Primer

A power sensor is a fundamental measurement tool in RF engineering. However, today's marketplace is filled with myriad choices, and many are making bold claims about attributes such as measurement speed and readings per second. As a result, it can be difficult to cut through the hyperbole and determine which sensor will actually meet the requirements of a specific measurement.This primer outlines the basics of RF power sensors and highlights a few key characteristics that will help you select the best one for each application. The narrative has three parts. First, we focus on choosing the right type of sensor: multipath, wideband, average power and thermal can satisfy slightly different measurement needs. The second section covers the five major attributes of sensor performance, and what to look for relative to your requirements. Finally, we outline three ways to integrate a sensor into your measurement application.

26-May-2021

Balanced RF components are advantageous compared to traditional single-ended components, since they cause less EMI, and are less susceptible to EMI. This application note describes the fundamental concepts of differential and common mode signals and of mixed-mode parameters, which are essential for balanced components. Techniques for the measurement of mixed-mode parameters are presented. Examples show the features implemented in the ZVB for balanced device measurement.

20-Sep-2004 | AN-No. 1EZ53

This application note describes how to measure the antenna pattern of a mm-Wave device in the R&S®ATS1000 shielded chamber. This includes the required calibration of the measurement setup and a possible near field to far field transformation when measuring larger devices.

28-May-2018 | AN-No. 1MA304

Using option ZVR-B4 (Frequency Converting Measurements), a ZVR Vector Network Analyzer can be used for measurements on frequency converting devices such as mixers and amplifiers. Using the ZVR's ARBITRARY mode, the source and receiver frequency ranges of the ZVR's generator and receiver, plus for two external signal generators, can be defined independently. As a result, mixer and intermodulation products such as conversion loss or sampling mixers, can all be measured. Used together with option ZVR-B6 (Reference Channel Ports), group delay measurements can also be made on frequency converting devices.

19-Jan-1999 | AN-No. 1EZ47

PAM-4 (4-level pulse amplitude modulation) has been introduced in high-speed serial data technology to reduce the bandwidth demands of ultra-high data rates. It uses only half the bandwidth per bit that would be required of conventional NRZ (non-return to zero) modulation. But at the same time, PAM-4 signaling complicates design and test at every turn. Evaluation of channels is now just as important to system development as serializer / deserializer (SerDes) testing and the challenges presented require a higher level of test and measurement performance than ever before. This paper investigates the evaluation complexities of PAM-4 interconnects at high data rates.

22-Oct-2020 | AN-No. GFM355

Simultaneously measure various current levels from μA to A in all phases of IoT device activity – from sleep to receive and transmit mode

01-Oct-2019

eCall is deployed in Europe and is required by law in new cars as of March 2018. Next generation eCall (NG eCall) is built on LTE and 5G.

06-Jun-2018

Using VISA (Virtual Instrument Software Architecture) several interfaces allow communication between your computer and instruments. This application note describes the usage of both - R&S® VISA- NI VISA running on Microsoft Windows 10™ with the following connection types: ► USB VCP (Virtual Com Port), also called USB CDC (Communications Device Class) ► USB TMC (Test and Measurement Class)► Ethernet Raw Port Socket► Ethernet in general e.g. VXI11 or HislipAll the examples are shown using the R&S® HMC8042 unless otherwise stated. There may be some difference when integrating other devices. As example some interface types are not available on every unit.This application note does not claim to be complete. All information has been compiled with care. However, errors can’t be ruled out.

28-Oct-2021 | AN-No. 1SL374

Power Added Efficiency (PAE) is a key parameter for the characterization of an amplifier.This application notes introduces two alternative methods how to do the Power Added Efficiency measurement. The first one is based on the R&S ZNB vector network analyzer (VNA) measurement function. Alternatively to this, the PAE tracer macro is introduced. This macro offers to make the PAE at an user selected compression point of the amplifier versus frequency. The PAE tracer macro is provided together with this application note.

22-May-2013 | AN-No. 1EZ64

Frequency allocation plans are under discussion in the US and Europe to open the lower C band for 5G applications. This portion of the spectrum provides 5G with more bandwidth than conventional lower mobile frequency bands and is contiguous while the C band is actually in use for satellite downlinks to satellite earth stations (SES).

18-Mar-2019

A Fabry-Pérot open resonator (FPOR) provided by QWED allows dielectric sheets to be accurately characterized in the frequency range from 110 GHz to 170 GHz using just one fixture.

14-Jan-2025

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled that no later than February 17, 2009, all analog NTSC broadcasting must come to an end. It is therefore not surprising that the demand for ATSC receivers is high at the time this application note was published. ATSC TV sets and set-tops are subject to the ATSC recommended practice Doc.A/74 “Receiver Performance Guidelines” before they can be sold freely in the markets that adopted the standard. Although the number of tests defined in Doc.A/74 is less extensive then the ones for their DVB-T counterparts (EN62002, MBRAI), some clarification is nevertheless due.

27-Sep-2012 | AN-No. 7BM71

This application note provides an introduction to the DDR memory technology and explains common challenges, related to the specific nature of DDR data, command / address and control buses and describes the typical measurements to verify and debug DDR system designs.The paper explains the recommended test points and the connection of oscilloscope probes as well as the compensation of effects from DDR interposers via deembedding. The document describes efficient Signal Integrity verification with eye diagram measurements, advanced triggering and TDR/TDT functionality. Given the high number of signal lines and the dynamic bus termination, SSN (simultaneous switching noise) has a significant effect in DDR memory designs and Signal Integrity as well as Power Integrity is highly pattern dependent. We introduce techniques to achieve high acquisition rates and help to efficiently detect worst case scenarios, affecting the performance of the overall memory design. The document also includes a close look on Power Integrity.Providing best practice examples in the design verification and debugging process, the document addresses all system designers and test engineers, working on DDR memory designs.

30-Oct-2020 | AN-No. GFM340

For cable TV, the "last mile" to the connection at the home is the bottleneck that prevents higher data rates. The last mile is made up of optical fiber and coaxial cables, amplifiers and electrical/optical converters. This mix of optical fiber and coaxial cables is known as a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) network. One option for cable network providers to maximize both the downstream (DS) and upstream (US) data throughput using the existing cable TV network, but without making expensive changes to the HFC network infrastructure, is to employ the data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS) 3.1.This Application Note discusses the fundamental technological advances of DOCSIS 3.1 and presents measurement solutions from Rohde & Schwarz.

02-Mar-2015 | AN-No. 7MH89

Before devices can be used in a LoRaWANTM network, they must among other things meet country-specific wireless communications regulations. This application note shows developers and manufacturers of devices with LoRa wireless technology how transmitter measurements are conducted in line with FCC Part 15.247. It also describes how important receiver characteristics can be verified by metrological means. In this context, battery life in particular plays a key role in IoT applications. A further chapter describes how current consumption of LoRa wireless modules can be measured reliably.

29-Nov-2017 | AN-No. 1MA295

R&S®SITLine ETH protects against spionage and manipulation without decreasing throughput.

03-Mar-2015

Most of the tests specified in standard TS 34.121 [1] for 3GPP Rel-6 can be performed with R&S®CMU200. This document provides a step by step guide on how to perform Rel-6 measurements on transmitter characteristics and performance tests according to TS 34.121 V8.7.0 clauses 5 and 10 with stand-alone R&S®CMU200. Test cases that require additional instruments, e.g. fading generator (R&S®SMU200A or R&S®AMU200A) will be discussed in brief in this application note with recommended reference. A set of *.sav files based on R&S®CMU200 firmware V5.03 for UE supporting operating band I and power class 3 in RMC 12.2 kbps + HSPA is attached to this application note.

07-Oct-2009 | AN-No. 1CM73

The R&S®RTO / R&S®RTE oscilloscope is a valuable tool for analyzing EMI problems in electronic designs. High input sensitivity, high dynamic range and a powerful FFT implementation are key features for capturing and analyzing unwanted emissions.

26-Feb-2015

This application note describes how to create and generate standard-conform IEEE 802.15.4 test signals with the Rohde & Schwarz Vector Signal Generators (VSG).

08-Jan-2016 | AN-No. 1GP105

The Rohde & Schwarz R&S®VTC and R&S®VTE video testers assess audio/video signals from the user's perspective (application testing). They are used to evaluate signal quality and to identify faults reliably. The tests are based on a difference analysis between the audio/video signal being tested and a reference signal. The required synchronization can be achieved by using a unique identifier, called a time code. This time code is inserted using the R&S®Time Code Inserter software described in this application note. This application note describes how time codes work and how to add a time code to any A/V file.

16-Apr-2013 | AN-No. 7BM84

The R&S®VTC/VTE video testers analyze and evaluate the quality of set-top boxes and TVs on the DUT’s A/V interfaces from a user perspective. They provide the necessary quality tests from Go/NoGo tests to long-term stability tests. The RF input signals required for the DUT are generated by the R&S®VTC/VTE.

04-Feb-2014