For several years, automobile makers and government agencies have sought ways to improve safety on roadways and effectively manage traffic flow. As wireless communication systems are advancing, the vision of automobiles talking to each other and to roadside units is becoming a reality. These planned automotive wireless communication systems are known as ITS (Intelligent Transportation System). This paper will provide an overview of the current status of the ITS worldwide with a focus on the IEEE 802.11p PHY. Additionally, the paper provides information on test and measurement solutions for devices and components used in ITS.

23-Jan-2014 | AN-No. 1MA152

With the test setup described, specific auxiliary data can inserted into the MPEG-2 transport streams for testing Set-Top Boxes for MHP and SSU. MHP (Multimedia Home Platform) applications can be added to the MHP test configuration and tested on the receiver, with the SSU configuration software updates of Settop Boxes can be performed according to TS 102 006.

09-Aug-2004 | AN-No. FTK02

This application note describes an effective method for generating test setups, performing measurements and producing test reports with the hand-held Spectrum Analyzer R&S FSH3

31-Jan-2003 | AN-No. 1EF50

Remote control over a public mobile phone network with SMS or via a wireless IP connection.

22-Apr-2013

This white paper summarizes significant additional technology components based on LTE, which are included in 3GPP Release 12 specifications. The LTE technology as specified within 3GPP Release 8 was first commercially deployed by end 2009. Since then the number of commercial networks is strongly increasing around the globe. LTE has become the fastest developing mobile system technology ever. As other cellular technologies LTE is continuously worked on in terms of improvements. 3GPP groups added technology components according to so called releases. Initial enhancements were included in 3GPP Release 9, followed by more significant improvements in 3GPP Release 10, also known as LTE-Advanced. Beyond Release 10 a number of different market terms have been used. However 3GPP reaffirmed that the naming for the technology family and its evolution continues to be covered by the term LTE-Advanced. Therefore LTE-Advanced remains the correct description for specifications defined from Release 10 onwards, including 3GPP Release 12.

04-Aug-2015 | AN-No. 1MA252

All digital oscilloscopes are temporarily blind. During this blind time the user will miss critical signal events at his device under test. Thus, it is necessary to understand the impact of blind time to the measurement. This application note explains the background of blind time and points out why a high acquisition rate is important. It furthermore explains the R&S RTO oscilloscope capabilities and how they help for faster debugging, measurement and analysis.

17-May-2011 | AN-No. 1ER02

Rohde & Schwarz test receivers of the ESXS, ESS and ESXN series are equipped with a 3.5' floppy-disk drive so that receiver settings, scan results, limit lines, transducer factors and whole sets of transducers can be stored on a floppy disk and reloaded into the receiver. Data can only be loaded into the receiver type from which they have been stored. The reason is that data eg from an ESHS30, which operates in the frequency range from 9 kHz to 30 Hz, should not be loaded into an ESVS30 as the data of the two units may be incompatible to because of the different frequency ranges alone (ESVS30: 20 MHz to 1000 MHz). However, in some cases it may be desirable to load an ESVS20 file into an ESVS30, or an ESN file into an ESVN40.

18-Jan-2002 | AN-No. 1EE19

Nearly all tests in accordance with the Bluetooth low energy test specification V4.0 [1] can be performed using the R&S®CBT alone. Some tests additionally call for signal generators to provide interference signals. This application note describes the tests performed with additional equipment and presents straightforward solutions based on the R&S®CBTgo software.

18-Jul-2013 | AN-No. 1MA200

LTE Location Based Services (LBS) involve the process of determining where a device is located. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based solutions are highly accurate and the technology of choice for absolute position accuracy, providing the device has a good line-of-sight, but this is not always the case. A device can be in a highly dense urban environment with reduced satellite visibility or indoors with very low signal levels.These limitations of GNSS systems have meant that LTE cellular based alternatives have been developed within 3GPP Release 9 and onwards.They are described in this white paper.

29-May-2015 | AN-No. 1SP05

Determining the field strength from transmitted power is not an easy job. Various, quite complicated formulas have to be evaluated correctly. This application note explains, how to calculate electric and magnetic field strength and power flux density. A program associated to this application note helps to do the calculation and converts Watts to mW and dBm, V/m to mV/m and dBmV/m as well as A/m to mA/m and dBmA/m. Additional applications are calculation of propagation loss or antenna factors.

10-Dec-2018 | AN-No. 1MA85

Femtocells or Home base stations are an important development for cellular networks. This application note describes the tests commonly used during the production of Femtocells, focusing on WCDMA, HSPA, and HSPA+ technology. Tests, test plans and hardware setups for Femtocells with and without receiver diversity are detailed. Find hints about the instrument settings and have a look at typical measurement results. An introduction to simulating GPS / A-GPS signals for testing the GPS receiver of a Femtocell completes the paper.

02-Feb-2012 | AN-No. 1MA139

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20-Jul-2001 | AN-No. 7BM23

Millimeter-wave bands are of increasing interest for the satellite industry and potential 5G bands.Antennas for 5G applications make use of these high frequencies to incorporate a large count of radiating elements. These antenna arrays are essential for beamforming operations that play an important part in such next generation networks.This white paper introduces some of the fundamental theory behind beamforming antennas. In addition to these basic concepts, calculation methods for radiation patterns and a number of real world measurement results for linear arrays are shown.

15-Sep-2016 | AN-No. 1MA276

This document provides an introduction to SDR as used for military radios and presents the relevant T&M solutions offered by Rohde & Schwarz.

15-Sep-2012 | AN-No. 1MA206

This application note describes how to generate and analyze wideband digitally modulated signals in the mm-wave range.Rohde & Schwarz measuring equipment and some 3rd party off-the-shelf accessories are used for both signal generation and analysis. Measurement results are shown which demonstrate the typical performance for millimeter wave signals in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) and adjacent channel power (ACLR).Two test setups and their measurement results on a commercial V-band transceiver module are presented.

02-Sep-2014 | AN-No. 1MA217

RMS is one of the most common parameters in test and measurement. Mathematically, it is the quadratic mean of continuously varying values (waveform). Especially when quantifying power, RMS simplifies the calculation as the polarity of the voltage and direction of the current can be disregarded.

17-Aug-2015

Most of the tests specified in the 3GPP standard TS 34.121 [1] Release 6 (Rel-6) can be performed with the R&S®CMW500. This document provides a step-by-step guide on how to use a stand-alone R&S®CMW500 to take Rel-6 measurements on transmitter characteristics and execute performance tests according to TS 34.121 V9.7.0, clauses 5 and 10. Test cases that require fading simulation can also be carried out with the aid of a standalone R&S®CMW500 that has been configured with a built-in fading simulator option. That greatly reduces test setup complexity. Furthermore, the R&S®CMW500's wizard enables easy configuration of the test setup for various HSUPA subtests as specified by TS34.121 [1]. The procedure detailing how the wizard is used is also explained for each test case. The test cases mentioned in this application note are carried out using Rel-6 user equipment (UE) that supports Operating Band I and Power Class 3.

27-Nov-2013 | AN-No. 1CM97

A new calibration method, presented by John R. Juroshek (NIST), offers fast and accurate determination of the equivalent source match of three-port devices like power-splitters and directional-couplers. The measurement result is directly displayed as normal trace on the R&S ZVM or R&S ZVK and can be stored in the most common data-formats for further processing and documentation.

13-Dec-2002 | AN-No. 1EZ51

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05-Aug-2010 | AN-No. 7BM26

This application note describes the testing of the re-synchronisation capability of DAB receivers according to the European Standard EN 50248 ‘Characteristics of DAB receivers’, using the test system 'Automatic DAB Receiver Test'.

11-Nov-2005 | AN-No. FTK04

The need for an objective evaluation of mobile network quality and performance drives two fundamentally different approaches, crowdsourcing and mobile network testing. The crowdsourcing market is highly saturated. More than 20 companies have a significant focus on crowdsourcing mobile network measurements. To get measurement results, they use different concepts that serve different purposes. This application card describes the structure of the crowdsourcing space and analyzes the pros and cons of both approaches.

06-Oct-2022

Widespread adoption of higher order modulation schemes, larger signal bandwidths and higher operating frequencies, to enable higher data throughput in communication links like 5G, places increasingly tough demands on the frontend. Signal fidelity is often enhanced with linearization.The greater number of RF chains and signal bandwidth in 5G Frontends mean that DPD (Digital Pre-Distortion) may no longer be the default linearization choice; 5G Frontends will be completely different from their 4G predecessors.The key metrics of Efficiency, Linearity, Bandwidth and Output Power remain, as does the question of how to optimally create the signal with just enough fidelity and power, with a minimum of wasted power. The solution set to that question, however, has never been greater.Amongst other topics, this White Paper, (i) proposes a classification of Linearization schemes, (ii) introduces the hard limiter, (iii) illustrates linearization of an exemplary mmWave PA using non-DPD techniques, and (iv) introduces a class of linearized transmitters that create their signal and linearity from efficiently generated components.

25-Feb-2016 | AN-No. 1MA269

White noise of a defined power is superimposed on the DVB signal. From the noise and the modulated DVB signal, the S/N respectively the C/N ratio in dB (with consideration of the 'roll off' factor) can be calculated. After conversion, the corresponding BER is obtained for each S/N value.

08-May-2002 | AN-No. 7BM03

This application note describes remote operation or monitoring of the real time spectrum analyzer R&S® FSVR through a standard web browser. The common cross-platform technology Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is used as a server on the instrument.

27-Jul-2010 | AN-No. 1EF74

Determining the noise figure of a component can be difficult in unshielded lab environments. Measuring small noise figures (less than 3 dB) and reproducing the results is sometimes not possible. These difficulties are caused by interference effects (electric fields) that can occur in any environment. A suitable remedy is a measurement environment able to shield the Device Under Test (DUT) against all interfering fields in the range up to 3 GHz. When used in conjunction with a spectrum analyzer and Noise Measurement Software FS-K3, the Shielded Box ZA-SB10 provides a complete noise measurement system.

16-Oct-2002 | AN-No. RSH01

Getting EMI emissions under control is one of those tasks that R&D engineers do not enjoy doing . EMI must often be taken into consideration as early as the design phase, particularly in the case of power electronics systems with increasing switching speeds of wideband gap semiconductors. While EMI receivers or spectrum analyzers are always the preferred choice for these measurements, they are often not available as standard measurement equipment in the R&D lab. To allow optimization early on in the R&D lab, Rohde & Schwarz provides a free tool to simplify conducted emissions debugging using oscilloscopes.

27-Sep-2021 | AN-No. 1SL372

Due to the fact that Microsoft does not maintain the Visual Studio .NET 2003 anymore Rohde & Schwarz has to use the successor compiler product Visual Studio .NET 2005 for building the test case packages. All CRTU-G customers having proprietary test case packages, developed based on Visual Studio .NET 2003, can migrate them to Visual Studio .NET 2005. This is required when the proprietary test case packages are going to be enhanced on a platform with installed Visual Studio .NET 2005.

28-Nov-2007 | AN-No. 1CM63

When monitoring transmission systems it is often necessary to control the monitoring equipment and to check the measurement results from a remote station. The user may also be interested to know which transmission data cause an error or violate a standard. Rohde & Schwarz offers several instruments that meet all these requirements in the field of digital TV transmission. This application note gives an overview of the design and use of a DTV monitoring system made up of the above-mentioned instruments and meeting the requirements.

15-Feb-2002 | AN-No. 7BM38

- not available -

20-Jul-2001 | AN-No. 7BM09

Coaxial connectors are a key component in RF and microwave applications. Their importance and contribution to overall system performance is sometimes overlooked. This application note focuses on coaxial connectors found in RF and microwave applications, providing general information on the available types; how to take care of connectors and connector electrical properties. This information is essential for anyone specifying and using Rohde and Schwarz test and measurement equipment and will help with the selection of the correct types of coaxial connector, handling connectors to obtain accurate and repeatable measurements, and to maximize the longevity and performance of coaxial connectors.

09-Apr-2015 | AN-No. 1MA99