IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee™) uses OQPSK with a half-sine pulse shaping filter as modulation. This application note describes how to generate and analyze ZigBee™ signals. Simple test signals can be setup with the free-of-charge simulation software R&S WinIQSIM™ and transferred to the vector signal generator R&S SMU200A. It describes how to setup the vector signal analyzer R&S FSQ with option R&S FSQ-K70 for ZigBee™ signal demodulation and how to analyze modulation quality such as error vector magnitude (EVM).

21-Jun-2007 | AN-No. RSI03

The use of Rohde & Schwarz device drivers under VEE software is not complicated. However, a number of factors are involved, the errors that occur are often difficult to diagnose. This application provides easy and detailed support for installation and troubleshooting using National Instruments or Agilent GPIB boards.

20-Dec-2012 | AN-No. 1MA035

Welcome to this introductory video show about the R&S® ZVA family of network analyzers. Network analysis is sometimes considered to be cumbersome and difficult to understand, a very offputting reputation for newcomers to network analyzers. To help you look at network analyzers in a different light, we have created this video series. We have intentionally refrained from explaining any theory in depth. Rather, we want to show you how to operate our analyzers for simple and useful applications. As well as just watching this video show, you can also use it as a guide and try yourself. All the operational steps shown only require a standard RF power amplifier which should be available in almost every lab. So, before we get properly started, we hope you enjoy this video show and much success in becoming familiar with network analysis in general, and our R&S products in particular.

13-Feb-2014 | AN-No. 1MA50

- not available -

20-Jul-2001 | AN-No. 7BM11

The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift towards electrification. Precise measurement and analysis of electric drivetrains are vital to improved performance, efficiency and reliability. MXO oscilloscopes have become an essential test tool for these measurements, with real-time insight into voltage and current waveforms that let engineers and technicians explore the intricate mechanisms to improve drivetrain performance and efficiency.

12-Mar-2024

Rohde & Schwarz instruments can be shared when users wish to use the same instrument. This can be done quite easily with the LAN interface, which comes as a standard option. Through this interface, Rohde & Schwarz instruments can be connected directly to a network, and users with access to the network can manually operate the instrument from a remote computer. This Application Note lists all instruments that support these features and describes the steps necessary to set up and configure the network connection to operate these instruments remotely.

05-Jul-2007 | AN-No. RAC-0703-0029

Vector network analyzers are the most accurate instruments in the microwave engineer’s lab. The R&S®ZNA takes accuracy to a new level. Not only is the instrument extremely precise, but now it also calculates and displays the measurement uncertainty right on the screen as the device under test is being measured.

19-Jul-2021

Smartly verify and decode Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) transmit signals with a reliable and costefficient spectrum analyzer – the R&S®FPC.

17-May-2018

Detailed instructions on 'How to activate the Win XP firewall'. The firewall is already activated on new units!

23-Nov-2004 | AN-No. 7BM46

Monitoring on up to 10 000 channels with different parameter settings

13-Jul-2012

This Rohde & Schwarz application note provides an introduction into the DVB-H standard at first. It then discusses the test of DVB-H-capable mobile phones in development and production.

07-Apr-2005 | AN-No. 1MA91

This paper describes the characterization of aluminum electrolytic capacitors specifically used in AC-DC power converter applications. It will be discussed why this capacitor technology is critical regarding lifetime and why it cannot be substituted simply by any another capacitor technology. Different aging effects of the capacitor will be discussed. Usage of the capacitor in different AC-DC converter topologies will be presented. Simulation circuits will be used to analyze the capacitor in more detail before suitable measurements will be performed to demonstrate a real example of a switching-mode power supply (SMPS).After the introduction into the aluminum electrolytic capacitor basics and theory, this paper will also present all important and possible measurements of capacitor parameters, like capacitance, equivalent series resistance (ESR) and ripple current. This includes in-circuit measurement which can be performed with an oscilloscope. An LCR-bridge is used to obtain high accuracy measurements in addition. A comparison between the two measurement methods will be presented. Furthermore, the required measurement hardware for the in-circuit measurements and the bridge measurement will be discussed and presented.Lastly, two different lifetime calculation methods are presented and a real example is used to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods.Thanks to Mr. Frank Puhane from Würth eiSos GmbH & Co. KG who provided me with all aluminum electrolytic capacitor samples including the prepared capacitor with build-in temperature sensors to perform all measurements. Furthermore, his great expertise was very beneficial and helpful to create this premium application note.

07-Feb-2023 | AN-No. 1SL388

LTE is becoming the predominant wireless technology. Among several new features of this standard, the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology offers various advantages.It improves the throughput, extends the reach, reduces interference and improves the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) with beamforming. LTE supports various modes in order to optimize the transmission settings.An LTE MIMO base station consists of a baseband unit, a remote radio head (RRH) and an array of up to eight antennas. The RRH upconverts the digital signals of the baseband unit into analog signals for each antenna.

08-Aug-2024

The R&S CMW500/270 can generate and measure standard-compliant WLAN IEEE 802.11ac signals with bandwidths from 20 MHz up to 160 MHz.This document explains the CMW solution for the signals with 160 MHz bandwidth and describes the required configurations step by step.

21-Oct-2013 | AN-No. 1CM101

Measurement uncertainties that occur when the R&S FSMR measuring receiver is used to calibrate RF levels are described and quantified in this application note. Several Excel spreadsheets are included. They can be used to simplify calculation of the uncertainty for various configurations.

28-Mar-2006 | AN-No. 1MA92

For measurement settings below 10 mV/div, oscilloscopes typically reduce the measurement bandwidth in order to keep the trace noise as low as possible. The R&S®RTO is different: It offers the full bandwidth even for the most sensitive settings, and an A/D converter with more than 7 effective bits (ENOB) digitizes the signal.

13-Jul-2012

Spurious emission search with spectrum analyzers is one of the most demanding measurements in the design, verification and production of RF and microwave devices. RF designers, especially in the aerospace & defense industry need to detect very low level spurs. Very narrow resolution bandwidths are required to measure with a low noise floor, hence increasing measurement time. Even working with very fast spectrum analyzers, a spur search may take several hours or even days.In this paper we will review the basics of spurious measurements and how the parameters used can affect the detection performance. A new technique as used in the R&S®FSW-K50 spurious measurement application which makes spurious search faster and easier to configure.

14-Jul-2017 | AN-No. 1EF97

The super-resolution DF method determines bearings of multiple emissions on the same frequency. This method detects signals in the spectrum that are concealed by other emissions. The super-resolution DF method also allows users to take bearings on these emitters, which are undetectable by direction finders that do not feature this method.

04-Mar-2016

Existing GSM mobile communication systems have the potential to double voice capacity by adding the “Voice services over Adaptive Multi-user channels on One Slot” (VAMOS) feature as specified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) Release 9 specifications. This application note describes the VAMOS feature from an air interface perspective in detail and specifically illustrates the VAMOS testing solution offered by Rohde & Schwarz test equipment.

17-Aug-2011 | AN-No. 1MA181

Using R&S®RTP high-performance oscilloscopes and R&S®VSE-K6A phased array measurement option

12-Jul-2021

Solutions and Tipps for NR FR1 in TDD Downlink Mode

5G New Radio (NR) is a radio technology specified by 3GPP and was first released in 3GPP release 15. It is designed to target three use cases, i.e. enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC). Among these three use cases, eMBB represents actually a further evolution of mobile broadband communication from LTE standard. According to the technical performance requirement defined by IMT-2020, by deploying 5G technology, peak data rates of eMBB application are expected to reach 20 Gbps in downlink (DL) and 10 Gbps in uplink (UL) direction, respectively. Typical use cases of eMBB are data hungry applications, such as high resolution 8K video streaming, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) etc.Verification of a 5G capable user equipment (UE) with respect to its achievable maximum data throughput under controllable and deterministic test conditions is an essential process during the design phase of the product. Performance centric verification through identification of the data throughput bottleneck, product benchmarking against a golden device enhances tremendously the user experience in the end.This document focuses on 5G NR frequency range 1 (FR1) with TDD duplex mode in E-UTRAN New-radio Dual Connectivity (ENDC) operating mode. As 5G NR physical layer offers a plethora of flexibility, the motivation here is to provide a kind of guideline of relevant parameter settings to stimulate device under test (DUT)'s max throughput capacity. The status quo of the R&S solutions at the time when the application note is created are described. Shown feature sets are constantly evolving, so the screenshots used and the parameters shown may change.

07-Jul-2022 | AN-No. 1SL379

To simulate radar scenarios with frequency and level agility with high pulse density and long playtime, engineers can take advantage of the real-time sequencing capability of the R&S®SMW200A vector signal generator.

06-Jun-2017

Create and simulate detailed traffic situations for the verification of cellular V2X (C-V2X) connectivity

30-Jun-2022

For A/V devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, Blu-ray players, set-top boxes and TV sets, the perceived video quality must satisfy very high standards. A/V devices need to hold their own in three main areas:ı Stability (environmental influences, response to source signal disturbances, etc.)ı Performance (switching times, delays)ı Compliance with standards (input and output formats)Any deviations from the expected video and audio output can be automatically and precisely detected with R&S A/V distortion analysis on all common analog and digital interfaces such as HDMI™ and MHL™.This document examines the relevant setups and configurations.

15-Oct-2014 | AN-No. 7BM87

LTE-Advanced comprises multiple features enhancing the basic LTE technology firstly specified in 3GPP Release 8. LTE including the LTEAdvanced improvements was approved by ITU to comply with IMT-Advanced requirements and thus being a true 4G mobile communication system. The different technology components of LTE-Advanced have different market priorities and require different testing strategies. This application note summarizes the Rohde &Schwarz test solutions for LTE-Advanced (Release 10) using Vector Signal Generators, Signal and Spectrum Analyzers and the Wideband Radio Communication Tester.

03-Sep-2014 | AN-No. 1MA166

Today’s electronic devices often draw non-sinusoidal, irregular current where harmonic current is fed back into the universal supply system. Monitoring this current is both crucial and mandatory for CE compliant devices. The R&S®NPA701 compliance tester seamlessly and efficiently monitors this current.

27-Mar-2024

With the start and spread of 5G communications services and new form factors such as wearables and foldable phones, an increasing number of flexible printed circuit boards (PCB) that support high frequency signals are being produced. These boards must exhibit excellent frequency characteristics. In the past, a PCB’s frequency characteristics were subjected to sampling inspection using a test coupon. For flexible PCBs, a new method is needed to provide repeatable and proper verification. The Yamaha® MP Series combined with the R&S®ZNBT vector network analyzer measure the high frequency characteristics of a production lot at high speed and high accuracy, enabling 100 % measurement of mass produced rigid and flexible PCBs.

27-Jan-2020

Modern automotive radar systems occupy very wide bandwidth in order to have a good location resolution. In most cases the bandwidth is a result of frequency modulation or fast frequency hopping techniques, in some cases also pulse modulation is used. Besides the measurement of the frequency variation over time like deviation and linearity, the verification of emissions according to EN or FCC standards is mandatory. ETSI regulations for measuring peak transmission power from radar operating at 77-81 GHz require 50 MHz resolution bandwidth for the measurements. Publications are available that describe the measurements on pulsed UWB or MB-OFDM signals in detail, for frequency-modulated signals the information is limited.This application note provides information how to perform spectral emission measurements on frequency modulated CW signals with spectrum analyzers using RBW filters with very wide bandwidth, and explains the capabilities and the limiting factors of the Rohde & Schwarz FSW signal and spectrum analyzer to perform this measurement.

28-Jun-2019 | AN-No. 1EF107

The GSM mobile phone system is the first civil radio network using purely digital transmission methods. In addition to the modulation mode GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) itself, both a time and a frequency multiplex method are used. This means for instance that the bits to be transmitted are distributed to several socalled bursts (time multiplex). These bursts are then in turn transmitted at different frequencies in the frequency hopping mode. Due to the frequency hopping mode, the timing used in GSM/PCN networks and the low phase error required for correct data transmission, stringent requirements regarding the frequency transient response are placed on the synthesizers used in the base and mobile stations. For a frequency error of <100 Hz the transient response must be within approx. 100 us to keep the residual phase error caused by the synthesizer sufficiently small. The Modulation Analyzer FMA/FMB with its high-precision AM and FM demodulators featuring DC coupling capability is particularly suitable for an uncomplicated measurement of transient responses in conjunction with an oscilloscope. Both the FMA with its low residual FM in the GSM band from 890 to 960 MHz and the FMB, which in addition also covers the PCN band from 1710 to 1880 MHz, provide in conjunction with the fast transient response of the FM demodulator the characteristics required. Highest precision regarding the transient response is provided by the FMA/FMB's special function 'IF 300 kHz'.

03-Jun-1998 | AN-No. 1EF08

This application note introduces the methods to convert MediaFLO™ waveform files to ARB format to be used with R&S® Broadcast Signal Generators SFx-K35 ARB Generator. R&S® IQWIZARD and WinIQSIM™ software are used, providing a quick and simple file conversion method.

10-Nov-2008 | AN-No. 7BM73