A measurement campaign quantifying the impact of intermodulation in 5G TDD networks

Critical infrastructure: With the deployment of TDD networks, the mobile network community recognizes the critical importance of cell synchronization and the use of uniform TDD patterns across different networks for the proper operation of mobile radio networks. Variety of scenarios: Possible scenarios include cross-border situations, interactions between private campus networks and public mobile networks, and accidental synchronization chain breaks or misconfigurations within the mobile network.Measurement techniques: To quantify the effects of non-synchronized cells and using different TDD pattern in neighboring networks, R&S, in collaboration with TU Dresden and Advancing Individual Networks GmbH (AIN), conducted a measurement campaign using movable networks with full control over all network parameters. This campaign measured the effects on uplink and downlink throughput, mapping these to RSSI/RSRP values received at the interfered site.Customer benefits: The available quantification is valuable for predicting and assessing potential interference scenarios before setting up and operating a new cell site.

Sep 11, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT18

반복 측정이 가능한 연구실 환경에서, 표준화된 사용자 정의 페이딩 프로필을 사용한 현실적 페이딩 조건을 통해 제품 설계를 검증하고 최적화 할 수 있습니다.

10월 27, 2020

With all these new flexibilities introduced with 5G, the radio access has become more complex to understand and analyze. More network interfaces and RAN configuration parameters have to be managed and the RAN and in particular the connection control, mobility and measurement reporting are decisive for the network performance. It will be vital for the system experts and radio engineers to gain knowledge and evolve their methods and tools to facilitate the work to optimize and troubleshoot 5G and 4G RAN performance. Thus, tools are needed that allow for easier understanding of the message flows in the radio protocols. The R&S®ROMES4 KPIs and Smart Events will help doing the work much easier and quicker. They are defined for a key set of LTE, EN-DC and NR RRC connection control and mobility procedures where the performance is crucial to achieve high quality network performance. Trouble shooting problematic cases and optimization of RAN protocols are key drivers to improve the mobile network performance with R&S®ROMES4.

Jun 28, 2022 | AN-번호 8NT06

R&S®ZVAVector Network Analyzer 및 R&S®BBA150Broadband Amplifier를 이용한 고유한 ALC(Automatic Level Controlled) 기반 테스트 셋업은 최소 테스트 시간 내에 매우 정확하고 재현 가능한 결과를 제공합니다.

9월 27, 2013

30 dBm + 30 dBm = 60 dBm? 이렇게 쉽게 계산할 수 없다는 것은 누구나 알고 있습니다.

본 애플리케이션 노트에서는 임의의 전력 수치를 더하거나 뺄 수 있는 소프트웨어 툴을 무료로 제공합니다. 또한 이 소프트웨어는 전력 및 전압 단위를 선형에서 대수로 변환하거나 그 반대로 변환할 수 있으며, 선형 전력 및 전압 비율을 데시벨로 변환하거나 VSWR을 다른 반사 수량으로 변환할 수 있습니다.

12월 10, 2018 | AN-번호 1GP77

민간 항공은 어레이 안테나를 사용하는 ILS(계기착륙시스템) 송신기를 통해 접근하는 항공기에 가이드를 제공합니다. ILS 성능은 어레이 안테나의 각 소자의 크기 및 위상을 얼마나 정밀 배열하는가에 따라 크게 달라집니다. 내장 소스가 포함된 R&S®ZNH Handheld Vector Network Analyzer는 ILS 안테나 시스템에 대해 빠르고 편리한 현장 측정을 지원합니다.

8월 09, 2021

이 애플리케이션 노트는 R&S®FSH Spectrum Analyzer를 사용하여 이동통신 네트워크에서 간섭 신호를 감지, 특성화, 검색, 문서화하는 방법을 설명합니다.가장 먼저 interference hunting의 각 단계에서 스펙트럼 및 간섭 분석 기능을 사용하는 방법을 설명하고 일반적 간섭 신호의 예를 들어 자세히 살펴봅니다. 그런 다음 이동통신 네트워크에서 가장 일반적인 간섭 소스를 살펴보고 이를 식별하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

10월 21, 2014 | AN-번호 1EF89

3GPP TS36.141은 EUTRA 기지국(eNodeB)의 적합성 테스트를 정의합니다. Release 14에는 특히 eLAA(enhanced License Assisted Accsess)에 대한 몇 가지 테스트가 추가되었습니다.이 애플리케이션 노트는 로데슈바르즈의 신호 및 스펙트럼 분석기를 사용하여 필요한 송신(Tx) 테스트(TS36.141 Chapter 6)를 쉽고 빠르게 수행하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 일부 테스트는 로데슈바르즈의 신호 발생기를 추가해야 합니다.예제는 수동 운용 기준입니다.무료 소프트웨어 프로그램으로 원격 조작이 가능하며, 데모를 볼 수 있습니다.LTE 기지국 수신(Rx) 테스트(TS36.141 Chapter 7)에 대한 설명은 애플리케이션 노트 1MA195에 나와 있습니다.LTE 기지국 송신(Px) 테스트(TS36.141 Chapter 8)에 대한 설명은 애플리케이션 노트 1MA162에 나와 있습니다.

5월 11, 2016 | AN-번호 1MA154

Modern societies worldwide depend on the performance, reliability and security of critical infrastructures and networks. There is a plethora of “new verticals” such as manufacturing, warehouse, mining, ports or other critical infrastructure, just to name a few. These “new vertical” use cases all have one common requirement: the mobile network needs to provide a superior performance compared to a commercial mobile network. In such environments 5G brings new capabilities to build fast and secure campus or private networks tuned to higher performance, which can increase productivity and efficiency. To be successful in these business-critical use cases, the wireless networks need to be as reliable as the wired ones. This educational note describes the different test methods to be able to verify the superior network performance and to help finding root causes of potential problems limiting the performance. We distinguish between passive tests and active tests.

Aug 11, 2023 | AN-번호 8NT09

Best practices for national regulatory authorities

Key points:Importance of field measurements: Traditional network planning tools and models only offer an estimated view of mobile coverage. Field measurements are conducted under real geographical and load conditions, and therefore provide a more accurate picture and can discover interferences more effectively. Coverage investigations: When deploying a mobile network, operators must adhere to regulatory standards and licensing conditions. As a result, regulatory authorities carry out field measurements on a regular or ad hoc basis to validate compliance or investigate customer complaints. This process identifies coverage gaps and areas of poor network quality, enabling regulatory authorities to take actions to enhance service quality for consumers and guide network expansion.Foster competition: If the field measurements of the coverage and performance are performed on a scale representative of a given country, the transparency of these results can promote healthy competition between operators and better service for consumers, which is essential for economic growth and social development.Measurement Techniques: The harmonized methodology for measuring and evaluating data throughput and QoE based on popular services is described in ETSI TR 103 559.

Apr 15, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT14

Cat M1으로도 알려진 LTE-M은 3GPP에 의해 지정된 IoT 애플리케이션의 MTC(Machine Type Communication) 표준입니다. 이 애플리케이션 노트에서는 기술에 대해 간략히 설명하고 표준에 대한 자세한 정보를 제공하며, R&S®TSMx 스캐너의 LTE-M 측정 기능에 대해 요약 설명합니다.

7월 26, 2019 | AN-번호 8NT04

이 애플리케이션 노트는 R&S®FSH4/8/13/20 Handheld Spectrum Analyzer를 사용하여 OTA(Over-the-Air) 방식으로 LTE 기지국 측정을 수행하는 방법을 설명합니다. 여기서는 필요한 측정 설정에 대해 설명하고 다양한 측정 모드를 사용하여 얻은 결과를 살펴봅니다.

9월 12, 2013 | AN-번호 1EF87

Spectrum scans are beneficial for many use-cases such as troubleshooting, interference detection and interference hunting, or verification tasks like scheduler verification or other engineering tasks. A time-gated spectrum scan, which is a power spectrum scan which applies a time gate on uplink/downlink slots/symbols and/or the guard period reveals even more details in uplink/downlink or guard period power spectrum. This allows to focus on the uplink / downlink or guard period power spectrum in 5G NR TDD networks. This educational note explains use cases for spectrum measurements, the complexity in 5G TDD and its technology basics, and which problems can be solved with the described solution. The software used is R&S®ROMES4 together with a R&S®TSMx6 drive and walk test scanner.

Sep 21, 2023 | AN-번호 8NT08

주파수 대역이 증가하고 다이내믹 레인지가 커질수록 최대 RFFE(RF Frontend)의 특성 분석 및 생산에 필요한 테스트 포인트의 수가 증가합니다. 품질을 유지하는 동시에 테스트 시간과 비용을 적극적으로 관리하는 것이 어느 때보다 더 중요해지고 있습니다.

6월 08, 2020

Mobile network operators worldwide face cost pressures and escalating network complexity. The advent of 5G-NR has ushered in new use cases and flexibility, but it also comes with more stringent performance and availability requirements.Machine Learning can serve as a catalyst for the market to unearth deep insights that would otherwise remain concealed. It can also significantly streamline everyday tasks by fostering a smarter system that guides users through their routine work processes, rather than obliging them to repeat each (manual) step. Rohde & Schwarz Mobile Network Testing has focused its efforts on delivering Machine Learning use cases that distill relevant insights from drive testing data, thereby offering substantial benefits to users.This educational note explains the motivation and reasoning why this kind of approach is needed, what are the benefits of the machine learning offering and it takes a deeper look into how it can be used in various levels of statistical and technical analysis. Finally, this document provides real measurement results and analysis findings based on the Rohde & Schwarz post processing SW suite SmartAnalytics and its machine learning based features Call Stability Score and Network Utilization Rating.

Feb 28, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT10

The topic of this application note is mobile phone measurements – in theory and in practice. It discusses measurements according to the most common standard in use today, GSM.The first, theoretical portion of this application note covers digital modulation and access methods in general. This is followed by an overview of the specific characteristics of the GSM standard as well as a summary of the most important mobile radio measurements.The second, practical portion of this application note covers some of these measurements in detail and runs through them step by step. These measurements can be performed by small groups in labs.The measurements and analysis of the results are intended to illustrate the theoretical portion of the application note and to deepen the reader's understanding.All measurements are performed using the R&S®CMW500 wideband radio communication tester and an off the shelf mobile phone.

Aug 22, 2014 | AN-번호 1MA231

8NT01 MIMO Channel,Field Measurements,MIMO Evaluation,R&STSMx,R&SROMES Assessing a MIMO Channel 8NT01 MIMO Channel,Field Measurements,MIMO Evaluation,R&STSMx,R&SROMES

Aug 31, 2017 | AN-번호 8NT01

P25 and FRMCS scanning

Key points: Critical Infrastructure: Learn about mission-critical communication for various agencies who deal with Public Safety such as first responders, police, firefighters, medics and its crucial role in ensuring safety of society.Reliability of Communication: Understand the challenges posed by mission-critical communication, highlighting performance and reliability needs and special requirements such as safe group communications.Technology Migration: Delve into the migration of mission-critical communication from long-standing narrow-band technologies to broadband use cases considering migration timelines.Measurement Techniques: Explore network measurement methods for passive testing of legacy MCX technologies planned to be used in the networks for quite some time (a later release of the document will focus on the broadband successors)

Mar 12, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT12

Crucial for proper operation of mobile networks - Part 2 of the series on Cable and Antenna verification

Key points: Critical Infrastructure: Learn why the antenna system, as part of mobile base stations, is irreplaceable and demands meticulous attention due to its impact on network quality and availability.Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: Understand the challenges posed by weather conditions and environmental stresses on antenna systems, highlighting the importance of robust design and maintenance.Fundamental Properties: Delve into the core concepts of antenna systems, gaining insights into fundamental properties of antennas and the antenna cables.Measurement Techniques: Explore discontinuity or distance to fault measurements to identify reflections of forward RF energy due to impedance changes (connector, compression or kink of a cable, etc.).

Jun 18, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT16

네트워크 동기화의 요구사항은 디지털 셀룰러 모바일 네트워크가 구현된 이후부터 엄격히 적용되어 왔습니다. 셀이 인접 관계를 갖는 즉시 UE QoE 및 성능(핸드오버, MIMO, 데이터 처리량 등) 보장을 위해 주파수 및 시간 도메인에서 반드시 네트워크 동기화를 수행해야 합니다. 본 교육용 노트는 매우 유연한 규격의 5G NR이 이러한 동기화 요구사항에 의해 받는 영향과 그러한 영향을 측정하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

8월 17, 2021 | AN-번호 8NT05

NB-IoT 애플리케이션이 올바르게 작동하려면 충분한 네트워크 커버리지가 필요합니다. 안정적 NB-IoT 연결을 보장하기 위해서는 커버리지를 측정해야 합니다. 로데슈바르즈모바일 네트워크 테스트는 네트워크 스캐너를 사용하여 DL 커버리지를 정확하게 측정하는 독자적인 결합 테스트 솔루션을 제공합니다. 이 테스트에서는 R&S®ROMES에 연결된 NB-IoT 기기를 이용한 통신 중 기기/네트워크 상호 작용, UL 동작, 프로토콜, 시그널링 로드, 에너지 효율성을 측정합니다.

2월 20, 2018

Crucial for proper operation of mobile networks - Part 3 of the series on Cable and Antenna verification

Key points: Critical Infrastructure: Leaky feeder systems are a crucial, yet costly to modify, element of in-building and tunnel infrastructure for mobile communication coverage.Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: The leaky feeder system's exposure to high humidity, extreme temperatures, and physical stress makes it prone to water ingress, corrosion, mechanical damage, and material degradation.Fundamental Properties: Changes in a leaky feeder system's characteristic impedance cause reflections of forward RF energy, resulting in discontinuities, which can occur at connectors, kinks, or compressions in the cable.Measurement Techniques: Due to practical limitations, leaky feeder system testing typically involves measuring insertion and return loss, supplemented by evaluating key performance indicators (KPIs) and user equipment reports to assess actual coverage and identify potential defects.

Dec 05, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT19

Best practices for mobile network testing for business-critical applications

Business-critical infrastructure: Industrial applications require extremely high reliability and availability, as any downtime can result in significant financial losses. Fundamental requirements: Industrial applications often require low latency and even more important a sustainable latency to ensure real-time communication and control. Measurement Techniques: As soon as the radio access network is used, innovative testing methods are needed beforehand to proactively test the network capability and to identify any potential issues. We propose a standard test procedure for the characterization of a network regarding industrial use-cases that covers a representative set of different, common types of network traffic.

Aug 13, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT17

Part 1 of the Cable and Antenna verification series – essential for Mobile Networks

Key points: Critical Infrastructure: Learn why the antenna system, as part of mobile base stations, is irreplaceable and demands meticulous attention due to its impact on network quality and availability.Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: Understand the challenges posed by weather conditions and environmental stresses on antenna systems, highlighting the importance of robust design and maintenance.Fundamental Properties: Delve into the core concepts of antenna systems, gaining insights into their transmit and receive characteristics, which serve as the foundation for effective measurement and verification.Measurement Techniques: Explore various measurement methods for antenna systems, focusing on return loss and decoupling, and their significance in assessing system performance and integrity.

Feb 23, 2024 | AN-번호 8NT11

Crucial for proper operation of mobile networks. Part 4 of the series on Cable and Antenna verification

Critical Infrastructure: Mobile base stations rely on a complex interplay of components, including often-overlooked elements like filter combiners, RF splitters and tappers, and cables, to deliver uninterrupted mobile communications.Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: Filter combiners, accessories, and cabling in mobile base stations are susceptible to harsh environmental stressors, which can lead to signal degradation and reduced system availability.Fundamental Properties: The functional integrity of mobile base station components is measured against key RF parameters, including frequency response and insertion loss, to ensure conformance to manufacturer and industry standards (e.g., 3GPP, ETSI).Measurement Techniques: Systematic and comprehensive testing is essential to validate the functional integrity of critical mobile base station components, detect latent defects, and optimize overall system performance.

Jan 09, 2025 | AN-번호 8NT20

자동차 제조사와 정부 부처는 오랜 기간 교통 안전을 강화하고, 교통을 효율적으로 관리하며 더욱 편안하고 편리하며 안전한 미래의 교통을 구현할 방법을 찾고 있었습니다. V2X(Vehicle-to-Everything)는 차량을 모든 사물에 연결하여 이러한 목표를 지원할 수 있는 차세대 정보통신 기술입니다. V2X는 저지연 V2V(Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I(Vehicle-to-Roadside Infrastructure), V2P(Vehicle-to-Pedestrian) 통신을 제공하여 미래의 운전자 보조 시스템에 새로운 차원을 더하도록 설계되었습니다.3GPP가 Release 14에서 통신 표준으로 정의한 C-V2X(Cellular V2X)는 물리 계층 통신 인터페이스로 LTE 기술을 사용합니다.사용자는 LTE C-V2X 스캐너를 사용해 구축 단계에 있거나 이미 구축 완료된 ITS 교통 시스템을 검증, 테스트, 최적화할 수 있습니다. 네트워크 스캐너는 RSU(Roadside Unit), 차량 및 기타 C-V2X 구현 장치에서 브로드캐스트되는 메시지(5.9GHz)를 수신하여 이러한 기능을 구현합니다. RSRP, RS-CINR, RSSI와 같은 RF 신호의 출력 및 품질에 관한 일반적인 스캐너 측정 항목들이 각 물리 채널(PSCCH 및 PSSCH)과 디코딩된 3개 지역별(북미, EU, 중국) ITS 메시지 콘텐츠에 대해 제공됩니다.

10월 21, 2022 | AN-번호 8NT07

네트워크 사업자는 네트워크 용량을 증가시키는 하드 웨어 연관 기술인 안테나 틸트 최적화, Carrier Aggregation, 4X4 MIMO, 6섹터 사이트와 같은 기능들을 로데슈바르즈 모바일 네트워크 테스트 솔루션을 통해 효율적으로 확대할 수 있습니다.

8월 09, 2016

3GPP TS36.141은 EUTRA 기지국(eNodeB)의 적합성 테스트를 정의합니다. Release 14(LTEAdvanced Pro)에는 eLAA(enhanced Licensed Assisted Access) 등에 대한 몇 가지 테스트가 추가되었습니다.이 애플리케이션 노트는 요구되는 모든 성능 테스트(TS36.141 Chapter 8)를 로데슈바르즈의 벡터 신호 발생기를 이용하여 쉽고 빠르게 수행하는 방법을 정의합니다.예제는 수동 운용 기준입니다.무료 소프트웨어 프로그램으로 원격 조작이 가능하며, 데모를 볼 수 있습니다.LTE 기지국 송신(Tx) 테스트(TS36.141 Chapter 6)에 대한 설명은 애플리케이션 노트 1MA154에 나와 있습니다.LTE 기지국 수신(Rx) 테스트(TS36.141 Chapter 7)에 대한 설명은 애플리케이션 노트 1MA195에 나와 있습니다.

5월 11, 2016 | AN-번호 1MA162

LTE-Advanced는 3GPP Release 8에 최초로 지정된 기본 LTE 기술을 개선하는 복수의 기능으로 구성되어 있습니다. LTEAdvanced와 같은 개선이 포함된 LTE는 ITU에서 IMT-Advanced 요구사항을 준수하는 것으로 승인함에 따라 4G 이동통신 시스템으로 적합합니다. LTE-Advanced의 다른 기술 요소는 시장 우선 순위가 다르며 다른 테스트 전략이 필요합니다. 이 애플리케이션 노트에서는 벡터 신호 발생기, 신호 및 스펙트럼 분석기, Wideband Radio Communication Tester를 이용하는 LTE-Advanced(Release 10)용 로데슈바르즈 테스트 솔루션에 대해 간략히 설명합니다.

9월 03, 2014 | AN-번호 1MA166

R&S®M3SR Series4400이 지원하는 새로운 기능

5월 16, 2025