5G è la quinta generazione della tecnologia di comunicazione wireless che supporta le reti cellulari. Dal GSM (2G) all'LTE (4G), ogni generazione affronta le sfide tecniche non superate dalla precedente. Come per le generazioni precedenti, il 5G richiede nuovi dispositivi mobili e nuove stazioni base (BTS).A differenza delle generazioni precedenti, l'uso dei fasci radio nel 5G richiede approcci completamente nuovi per quanto riguarda i test di conformità, copertura e qualità del servizio.La nuova interfaccia radio è chiamata 5G NR ("new radio"). Questa nota applicativa descrive le sfide di misura del 5G NR e chiarisce i vantaggi dell'utilizzo di un ricevitore di monitoraggio per la misura dei segnali 5G.Esempi reali spiegano come eseguire varie misure chiave del 5G. L'ultima sezione tratta di ulteriori possibilità di misura 5G utilizzando i prodotti R&S. Le misure "over-the-air" (OTA) sono essenziali nel 5G. Ciò significa che il personale delle autorità di regolamentazione e degli operatori deve lavorare in ambienti radio sconosciuti che variano a seconda del luogo (ad esempio, urbano o suburbano) e della missione (ad esempio, test di conformità BTS 5G o rilevamento delle interferenze). Le apparecchiature di misura devono funzionare in un'ampia gamma di scenari (vicino al palo e lontano dal palo) e offrire una funzionalità di facile utilizzo che consenta di effettuare le misure richieste.Considerando le attuali tendenze di diffusione globale, il presente documento si concentra sulla banda di frequenza FR1 (sotto i 6 GHz).

giu 07, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL366

In questa nota di applicazione vengono fornite informazioni di base sulle misure psicoacustiche PESQ® (Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality) e PEAQ® (Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality). Viene descritto, inoltre, come eseguire tali misure per mezzo di un analizzatore audio Rohde & Schwarz.

apr 03, 2009 | AN-No. 1GA49

R&S®VISA è una libreria di software standardizzata che permette una rapida comunicazione su interfacce differenti con un’ampia varietà di strumenti di misura e collaudo rilevati sulla rete da applicazioni per PC. R&S®VISA include, inoltre, uno strumento di tracciatura che permette di monitorare simultaneamente comunicazioni tra più applicazioni e strumenti di misura e collaudo e di eseguire analisi mirate con l’ausilio di filtri efficienti.

mag 26, 2020 | AN-No. 1DC02

Un versatile tool software per gli strumenti Rohde & SchwarzRSCommander è un versatile tool software compatibile con un’ampia gamma di analizzatori di spettro e di reti, generatori di segnali e oscilloscopi di Rohde & Schwarz. Consente di scoprire e identificare automaticamente gli strumenti collegati al PC, catturare schermate, leggere tracce, trasferire file e creare semplici script.

dic 24, 2017 | AN-No. 1MA074

Questa nota applicativa descrive un programma applicativo e le istruzioni per l'esecuzione di test di qualità del parlato e misurazioni del ritardo in una rete live, utilizzando l'analizzatore audio R&S®UPV.

dic 14, 2017 | AN-No. 1GA68

In questa nota applicativa viene fornito un programma applicativo per l’allineamento di livello, l’automazione di test e la redazione di rapporti con PESQ e POLQA e per le misure dei ritardi su un analizzatore audio R&S®UPV o R&S®UPV66.

mag 08, 2013 | AN-No. 1GA62

La combinazione degli strumenti R&S®CMU200 e R&S®UPV viene utilizzata per effettuare vari test sulla funzionalità vocale dei telefoni mobili, tra cui test acustici secondo 3GPP 26.132 o test della qualità vocale secondo ITU-T P.862 (PESQ®) o ITU-T P.863 (POLQA®). In questa nota applicativa viene illustrato come sostituire, in queste attività, lo strumento R&S®CMU200 con lo strumento R&S®CMW500.

lug 25, 2014 | AN-No. 1GA65

Le proprietà acustiche, come il tempo di riverbero e le riflessioni precoci, sono importanti per locali di test e anche per la comprensibilità delle parole e l’esecuzione musicale in locali per conferenza e sale concerto. In questa nota applicativa vengono illustrati i fondamenti che stanno alla base di tali proprietà e viene offerto un programma applicativo per la loro misura.

lug 10, 2012 | AN-No. 1GA61

L’impostazione dello strumento fornita in questa nota di applicazione permette di analizzare un segnale vocale degradato conservato in un file di forma d’onda e visualizzare la sua forma d’onda e il suo spettro in FFT.

set 05, 2014 | AN-No. 1GA66

Spectrum Rider, FPH, FSH, ZPH, Cable Rider, ZVH, 5G, Interference hunting, Zero span mode, G NR TDD signal Handheld solutions from Rohde & Schwarz support a gated trigger, enabling users to separate uplink and downlink signals in the time domain. 5G NR – Interference hunting in TDD network uplink Spectrum Rider, FPH, FSH, ZPH, Cable Rider, ZVH, 5G, Interference hunting, Zero span mode, G NR TDD signal

Sep 18, 2025

Flexible, scalable and cost-effectiveThe R&S®RadEsT automotive target generator and car learning to act (CARLA) open-source driving simulator enable realistic radar and camera simulation in an open-source setup – free from the constraints of proprietary solutions.

Sep 08, 2025

Analog circuits like operational amplifiers often require a symmetric supply with supply ground, positive rail and negative rail. The supply ground is the reference for analog signals in the circuit.The channels in R&S® multi-channel power supplies are galvanically completely floating against each other as well as against safety earth. This provides the maximum flexibility for connecting channels in parallel or in series to provide increased current or voltage output, or for split or symmetric supply.This application note describes how to configure two outputs for a symmetric supply, providing both positive and negative rails.The instructions apply also to both discontinued and future multi-channel models of R&S® power supplies.

Sep 04, 2025 | AN-No. 1GP144

As vehicles integrate more ADAS & Automated Driving (AD) functions, precise radar validation is essential for safety features like AEBSS and SAE Level 2 & 3 automation. Simulation-based testing offers flexibility but lacks real-world accuracy, while road testing is costly and inconsistent. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) solutions bridge this gap, enabling real-time radar sensor evaluation with high repeatability.Rohde & Schwarz supports this with the R&S®AREG800A radar echo generator and R&S®QAT100 antenna array, simulating dynamic targets in angle, range, velocity, and size, and integrating via Open Simulation Interface (OSI). With cutting-edge radar test solutions, R&S ensures safer, more reliable ADAS/AD systems.This educational note explores the current state of closed-loop testing for radar-based hardware, focusing on how Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) systems enable realistic validation of automotive radar sensors. It highlights key driving scenarios that HIL must address and demonstrates how the R&S®AREG800A radar echo generator and R&S®QAT100 antenna array support closed-loop validation.

Sep 03, 2025

A queste alte frequenze, misure accurate sono essenziali per caratterizzare componenti attivi e passivi come amplificatori, mixer e linee differenziali.

ago 14, 2025

I miscelatori sono componenti critici nei processi di conversione di frequenza e sono comunemente utilizzati nei sistemi di comunicazione e radar.

ago 14, 2025

Electric (EV) and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles have both high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) electric systems. The LV systems are typically unshielded (infotainment, lighting, sensors etc.) and HV systems (battery packs, inverters, electric motors etc.) are shielded. The HV systems ranges from 400 V to 1500 V and the LV system ranges from 12 V to 48 V. The switching operations in HV systems can generate significant electromagnetic noise that may couple into the LV system and degrade performance or cause malfunctions.The HV/LV coupling tests, as defined in CISPR 25, specify the test setup in which HV systems are modified to inject electromagnetic disturbances at predefined levels, depending on the classification of the equipment under test (EUT). These tests also outline methods for measuring the coupling attenuation between HV and LV systems. Additionally, they define procedures for measuring conducted emissions (current and voltage) on LV systems during HV system operation. Furthermore, the standard includes methods to measure radiated noise (electric field) emissions generated when operating HV Systems. The HV/LV coupling tests are emission tests in line with CISPR 25 but some require an immunity test setup to inject disturbance into the system. This application note describes how to set up R&S®ELEKTRA and perform HV/LV coupling attenuation measurements.

Jul 31, 2025 | AN-No. 1EE29

This application note provides a detailed guide on performing FCC KDB987594 D02 Test Cases K&L using R&S®CMX500 OBT, focusing on FCC regulatory compliance testing for devices operating in the 6 GHz band in US.It begins by discussing the FCC's initiatives to open the 6 GHz band for unlicensed use, emphasizing the importance of Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) systems to manage power levels and avoid interference with incumbent services.The guide outlines specific requirements for device types 6CD and 6FX, which must adjust their power levels based on information in beacon of access point. It also delves into the technical aspects of WLAN power control mechanism according to IEEE 802.11 specifications, highlighting the complexity of power adjustment features for devices operating in the 6 GHz band.This guide explains the advantages of using the CMX500 OBT tester, which can emulate various WLAN signaling scenarios, including standard and low-power access points. It provides detailed procedures for conducting Test Cases K and L, which focus on demonstrating proper power adjustment based on associated access points and ensuring client devices adjust its power appropriately.

Jul 30, 2025 | AN-No. 1SL416

Le misure con sistemi load pull e segnali modulati a banda larga come quelli utilizzati nelle applicazioni finali permettono di comprendere davvero le prestazioni del frontend RF. Tuttavia, gli amplificatori RF si comportano in modo diverso quando l'impedenza cambia. Gli amplificatori RF si comportano diverso in modo quando l'impedenza varia e quando pilotano un'antenna a banda larga, rendendo difficile prevederne o calcolarne il comportamento per via teorica.

lug 26, 2025

Reverberation Chambers (RVC) have become popular as an alternative to Anechoic Chamber (AC) facilities for electromagnetic emission & immunity tests. Unlike AC, RVC reflects waves creating multipath environment. EMC testing using reverberation chamber is accepted in various EMC test standards across different industries. The RVC is cost effective allowing high field strength generation without excessive amplification needs, eliminates the need for complex positioning of antennas and DUTs increasing test speed and simulates real-world electromagnetic environments more accurately. To ensure accurate and efficient testing, specialized EMC test software is required for data acquisition, automation, and analysis. This application note describes how to setup Elektra and perform measurements in RVC.

Jul 24, 2025 | AN-No. 1EE28

As DisplayPort evolves to support ultra-high resolutions and increased data rates, robust compliance testing is essential to ensure interoperability across devices and interconnects. This application note provides a structured overview of physical-layer testing for DisplayPort source transmitters and passive cables, aligned with VESA CTS v2.1. The note covers key test procedures using Rohde & Schwarz solutions, including oscilloscope-based measurement at standardized test points, automated test execution with ScopeSuite, and signal integrity debug via equalization and jitter decomposition. It further details cable characterization using mixed-mode S-parameter analysis on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), with support for simulated eye diagrams and TDR-based impedance diagnostics. Practical setup examples and product references are provided to help engineers perform repeatable, standards-compliant DisplayPort PHY validation.

Jul 16, 2025 | AN-No. 1SL418

L'analizzatore di reti vettoriale R&S®ZNA consente di collaudare gli amplificatori ad alta potenza in condizioni operative reali.

lug 14, 2025

Best practices for mobile network testing for mission-critical applications

Key Points: Mission-Critical Infrastructure: Military operations require extremely high reliability and availability, as any downtime can result in compromised missions and significant strategic losses. The reliability of communication networks is crucial to ensure seamless execution of military operations. Fundamental requirements: Military applications often require low latency and sustainable latency to ensure real-time communication and control, particularly in situations where split-second decisions can mean the difference between success and failure. This is critical for applications such as command and control systems, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Measurement Techniques: As soon as the radio access network is used, innovative testing methods are needed beforehand to proactively test the network capability and to identify any potential issues. We propose a standard test procedure for the characterization of a network regarding military use-cases that covers a representative set of different, common types of network traffic.

Jul 02, 2025 | AN-No. 8NT21

SA Mode According to 3GPP 38.521-1

Device certification for compliance with 3GPP specifications is a crucial step in the launch of 5G NR user equipment (UE). As the demand for high-performance connectivity continues to rise, ensuring that devices meet industry standards is essential for delivering reliable and efficient service. To ensure optimal modem performance, RF pre-conformance testing, also known as design verification, needs to be initiated early in the product development process. This approach enables teams to swiftly identify and address potential issues, minimizing delays and enhancing the overall quality of the final product.The R&S®CMX500 3GPP RF pre-conformance WebGUI solution offers a fast and intuitive platform for executing NR-FR1 Standalone (SA) test cases based on the 3GPP 38.521-1 specification. Its manual verification capabilities make it particularly well-suited for early-stage validation, debugging, and step-by-step verification of test cases, leveraging the comprehensive toolset provided by the R&S®CMX500 WebGUI. Test case procedures are optimized for R&D use cases, while using the most relevant configurations from the specification.This application note serves as a comprehensive guide for R&D professionals, detailing the setup, configuration, execution, and verification of selected 3GPP pre-conformance test cases with just a few clicks in the GUI. Please note that the test steps outlined in this document require the CMX-KC661B license (SA FR1 3GPP RF Test Scenarios), in addition to the NR signaling license CMX-KS600B and the NR FR1 measurement license CMX-KM600. All descriptions, configurations and limits are based on 3GPP TS38.521-1 V18.4.0 (2024-11).

Jun 25, 2025 | AN-No. 1C111

L'analizzatore di reti vettoriale R&S®ZNA consente di caratterizzare in modo affidabile (alto guadagno) ricevitori e convertitori a basso rumore (LNB) con un'unità a due porte dell'analizzatore e una configurazione semplice.

giu 12, 2025

L'analizzatore di reti vettoriale R&S®ZNA consente di effettuare il collaudo completo dei moduli di trasmissione/ricezione (TRM) e di una schiera di antenne attive a scansione elettronica (AESA) con un'unica connessione.

giu 12, 2025

I sensori radar per autoveicoli nascosti nei paraurti devono trasmettere nello spettro di frequenza corretto. Per nascondere i sensori, le aree trasparenti del radar sono solitamente verniciate con lo stesso colore del resto del veicolo. Nel selezionare vernici e rivestimenti è necessario conoscere le proprietà dei materiali dei paraurti. In passato si utilizzavano sistemi di test con metodo quasi-ottico o a guida d'onda con analizzatori di reti vettoriali (VNA). Questa scheda applicativa descrive un metodo semplificato per la caratterizzazione dei materiali nel dominio delle frequenze radar automobilistiche (da 76 GHz a 81 GHz) utilizzando il tester per radome automobilistici R&S®QAR50.

giu 11, 2025

Compliance and Pre-compliance testing are very important topics during the development of any Wireless DeviceIn this document the differences between Conformance testing vs. Pre-conformance tests will be explored as well as the Rohde & Schwarz offerings to conduct these tests

Jun 05, 2025 | AN-No. 1C110

The purpose of this document is to provide a step-by-step guidance on how to perform VESA compliance testing on DisplayPort 80 cable assembly.Throughout this Method of Implementation (MOI), procedures will detail how to perform such VESA compliance testing using the R&S® ZNB lineup of Network Analyzers.

May 19, 2025 | AN-No. 1SL414

The purpose of this document is to provide a step-by-step guidance on how to perform VESA compliance testing on DisplayPort 8k cable assembly.Throughout this Method of Implementation (MOI), procedures will detail how to perform such VESA compliance testing using the R&S® ZNB lineup of Network Analyzers.

May 19, 2025 | AN-No. 1SL412

The purpose of this document is to provide a step-by-step guidance on how to perform VESA compliance testing on DisplayPort 54 cable assembly.Throughout this Method of Implementation (MOI), procedures will detail how to perform such VESA compliance testing using the R&S® ZNB lineup of Network Analyzers.

May 19, 2025 | AN-No. 1SL413